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Main Authors: Brand, Sebastiaan, Quist, Arend-Jan, van Dijk, Richard M. K., Laarman, Alfons
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02673
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author Brand, Sebastiaan
Quist, Arend-Jan
van Dijk, Richard M. K.
Laarman, Alfons
author_facet Brand, Sebastiaan
Quist, Arend-Jan
van Dijk, Richard M. K.
Laarman, Alfons
contents Decision diagrams (DDs) are a powerful data structure that is used to tackle the state-space explosion problem, not only for discrete systems, but for probabilistic and quantum systems as well. While many of the DDs used in the probabilistic and quantum domains make use of floating-point numbers, this is not without challenges. Floating-point computations are subject to small rounding errors, which can affect both the correctness of the result and the effectiveness of the DD's compression. In this paper, we investigate the numerical stability, i.e. the robustness of an algorithm to small numerical errors, of matrix-vector multiplication with multi-terminal binary decision diagrams (MTBDDs). Matrix-vector multiplication is of particular interest because it is the function that computes successor states for both probabilistic and quantum systems. We prove that the MTBDD matrix-vector multiplication algorithm can be made numerically stable under certain conditions, although in many practical implementations of MTBDDs these conditions are not met. Additionally, we provide a case study of the numerical errors in the simulation of quantum circuits, which shows that the extent of numerical errors in practice varies greatly between instances.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_02673
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Numerical Errors in Quantitative System Analysis With Decision Diagrams
Brand, Sebastiaan
Quist, Arend-Jan
van Dijk, Richard M. K.
Laarman, Alfons
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Numerical Analysis
Quantum Physics
Decision diagrams (DDs) are a powerful data structure that is used to tackle the state-space explosion problem, not only for discrete systems, but for probabilistic and quantum systems as well. While many of the DDs used in the probabilistic and quantum domains make use of floating-point numbers, this is not without challenges. Floating-point computations are subject to small rounding errors, which can affect both the correctness of the result and the effectiveness of the DD's compression. In this paper, we investigate the numerical stability, i.e. the robustness of an algorithm to small numerical errors, of matrix-vector multiplication with multi-terminal binary decision diagrams (MTBDDs). Matrix-vector multiplication is of particular interest because it is the function that computes successor states for both probabilistic and quantum systems. We prove that the MTBDD matrix-vector multiplication algorithm can be made numerically stable under certain conditions, although in many practical implementations of MTBDDs these conditions are not met. Additionally, we provide a case study of the numerical errors in the simulation of quantum circuits, which shows that the extent of numerical errors in practice varies greatly between instances.
title Numerical Errors in Quantitative System Analysis With Decision Diagrams
topic Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Numerical Analysis
Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02673