_version_ 1866911094625271808
author Hu, Xueyu
Xiong, Tao
Yi, Biao
Wei, Zishu
Xiao, Ruixuan
Chen, Yurun
Ye, Jiasheng
Tao, Meiling
Zhou, Xiangxin
Zhao, Ziyu
Li, Yuhuai
Xu, Shengze
Wang, Shenzhi
Xu, Xinchen
Qiao, Shuofei
Wang, Zhaokai
Kuang, Kun
Zeng, Tieyong
Wang, Liang
Li, Jiwei
Jiang, Yuchen Eleanor
Zhou, Wangchunshu
Wang, Guoyin
Yin, Keting
Zhao, Zhou
Yang, Hongxia
Wu, Fan
Zhang, Shengyu
Wu, Fei
author_facet Hu, Xueyu
Xiong, Tao
Yi, Biao
Wei, Zishu
Xiao, Ruixuan
Chen, Yurun
Ye, Jiasheng
Tao, Meiling
Zhou, Xiangxin
Zhao, Ziyu
Li, Yuhuai
Xu, Shengze
Wang, Shenzhi
Xu, Xinchen
Qiao, Shuofei
Wang, Zhaokai
Kuang, Kun
Zeng, Tieyong
Wang, Liang
Li, Jiwei
Jiang, Yuchen Eleanor
Zhou, Wangchunshu
Wang, Guoyin
Yin, Keting
Zhao, Zhou
Yang, Hongxia
Wu, Fan
Zhang, Shengyu
Wu, Fei
contents The dream to create AI assistants as capable and versatile as the fictional J.A.R.V.I.S from Iron Man has long captivated imaginations. With the evolution of (multi-modal) large language models ((M)LLMs), this dream is closer to reality, as (M)LLM-based Agents using computing devices (e.g., computers and mobile phones) by operating within the environments and interfaces (e.g., Graphical User Interface (GUI)) provided by operating systems (OS) to automate tasks have significantly advanced. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these advanced agents, designated as OS Agents. We begin by elucidating the fundamentals of OS Agents, exploring their key components including the environment, observation space, and action space, and outlining essential capabilities such as understanding, planning, and grounding. We then examine methodologies for constructing OS Agents, focusing on domain-specific foundation models and agent frameworks. A detailed review of evaluation protocols and benchmarks highlights how OS Agents are assessed across diverse tasks. Finally, we discuss current challenges and identify promising directions for future research, including safety and privacy, personalization and self-evolution. This survey aims to consolidate the state of OS Agents research, providing insights to guide both academic inquiry and industrial development. An open-source GitHub repository is maintained as a dynamic resource to foster further innovation in this field. We present a 9-page version of our work, accepted by ACL 2025, to provide a concise overview to the domain.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_04482
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Use
Hu, Xueyu
Xiong, Tao
Yi, Biao
Wei, Zishu
Xiao, Ruixuan
Chen, Yurun
Ye, Jiasheng
Tao, Meiling
Zhou, Xiangxin
Zhao, Ziyu
Li, Yuhuai
Xu, Shengze
Wang, Shenzhi
Xu, Xinchen
Qiao, Shuofei
Wang, Zhaokai
Kuang, Kun
Zeng, Tieyong
Wang, Liang
Li, Jiwei
Jiang, Yuchen Eleanor
Zhou, Wangchunshu
Wang, Guoyin
Yin, Keting
Zhao, Zhou
Yang, Hongxia
Wu, Fan
Zhang, Shengyu
Wu, Fei
Artificial Intelligence
Computation and Language
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
The dream to create AI assistants as capable and versatile as the fictional J.A.R.V.I.S from Iron Man has long captivated imaginations. With the evolution of (multi-modal) large language models ((M)LLMs), this dream is closer to reality, as (M)LLM-based Agents using computing devices (e.g., computers and mobile phones) by operating within the environments and interfaces (e.g., Graphical User Interface (GUI)) provided by operating systems (OS) to automate tasks have significantly advanced. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these advanced agents, designated as OS Agents. We begin by elucidating the fundamentals of OS Agents, exploring their key components including the environment, observation space, and action space, and outlining essential capabilities such as understanding, planning, and grounding. We then examine methodologies for constructing OS Agents, focusing on domain-specific foundation models and agent frameworks. A detailed review of evaluation protocols and benchmarks highlights how OS Agents are assessed across diverse tasks. Finally, we discuss current challenges and identify promising directions for future research, including safety and privacy, personalization and self-evolution. This survey aims to consolidate the state of OS Agents research, providing insights to guide both academic inquiry and industrial development. An open-source GitHub repository is maintained as a dynamic resource to foster further innovation in this field. We present a 9-page version of our work, accepted by ACL 2025, to provide a concise overview to the domain.
title OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Use
topic Artificial Intelligence
Computation and Language
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.04482