Water Production Rates of the Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Xing, Zexi, Oset, Shawn, Noonan, John, Bodewits, Dennis
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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author Xing, Zexi
Oset, Shawn
Noonan, John
Bodewits, Dennis
author_facet Xing, Zexi
Oset, Shawn
Noonan, John
Bodewits, Dennis
contents We report the detection of water activity in the third confirmed interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS, based on ultraviolet imaging with the \emph{Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory}'s Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT). Assuming a reddening of 29\% between 3325.7~Å and 5437.8~Å, measurements on 2025 July 31 -- August 1 yielded a first, marginal detection of OH (A$^2Σ$ -- X$^2Π$) emission near 3085~Å, corresponding to a water production rate of $(0.74 \pm 0.50) \times 10^{27}$ molecules\,s$^{-1}$. The subsequent visit on 2025 August 18 -- 20 revealed a clear OH detection, implying a higher water production rate of $(1.36 \pm 0.35) \times 10^{27}$ molecules s$^{-1}$ (40 kg~$s^{-1}$) at a heliocentric distance of 2.90~au. This places 3I/ATLAS among the few comets with confirmed OH emission beyond 2.5~au, where water ice sublimation from the nucleus is typically inefficient. The inferred production rate at 2.9 au implies an active area of at least 7.8~km$^2$, assuming equilibrium sublimation. This requires that over 8\% of the surface is active, which is larger than activity levels observed in most solar system comets. Contemporaneous near-infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of icy grains in the coma, which may serve as an extended source of water vapor.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_04675
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Water Production Rates of the Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS
Xing, Zexi
Oset, Shawn
Noonan, John
Bodewits, Dennis
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
We report the detection of water activity in the third confirmed interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS, based on ultraviolet imaging with the \emph{Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory}'s Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT). Assuming a reddening of 29\% between 3325.7~Å and 5437.8~Å, measurements on 2025 July 31 -- August 1 yielded a first, marginal detection of OH (A$^2Σ$ -- X$^2Π$) emission near 3085~Å, corresponding to a water production rate of $(0.74 \pm 0.50) \times 10^{27}$ molecules\,s$^{-1}$. The subsequent visit on 2025 August 18 -- 20 revealed a clear OH detection, implying a higher water production rate of $(1.36 \pm 0.35) \times 10^{27}$ molecules s$^{-1}$ (40 kg~$s^{-1}$) at a heliocentric distance of 2.90~au. This places 3I/ATLAS among the few comets with confirmed OH emission beyond 2.5~au, where water ice sublimation from the nucleus is typically inefficient. The inferred production rate at 2.9 au implies an active area of at least 7.8~km$^2$, assuming equilibrium sublimation. This requires that over 8\% of the surface is active, which is larger than activity levels observed in most solar system comets. Contemporaneous near-infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of icy grains in the coma, which may serve as an extended source of water vapor.
title Water Production Rates of the Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.04675