Advancing Hate Speech Detection with Transformers: Insights from the MetaHate

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Chapagain, Santosh, Hamdi, Shah Muhammad, Boubrahimi, Soukaina Filali
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Chapagain, Santosh
Hamdi, Shah Muhammad
Boubrahimi, Soukaina Filali
author_facet Chapagain, Santosh
Hamdi, Shah Muhammad
Boubrahimi, Soukaina Filali
contents Hate speech is a widespread and harmful form of online discourse, encompassing slurs and defamatory posts that can have serious social, psychological, and sometimes physical impacts on targeted individuals and communities. As social media platforms such as X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and others continue to facilitate widespread communication, they also become breeding grounds for hate speech, which has increasingly been linked to real-world hate crimes. Addressing this issue requires the development of robust automated methods to detect hate speech in diverse social media environments. Deep learning approaches, such as vanilla recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have achieved good results, but are often limited by issues such as long-term dependencies and inefficient parallelization. This study represents the comprehensive exploration of transformer-based models for hate speech detection using the MetaHate dataset--a meta-collection of 36 datasets with 1.2 million social media samples. We evaluate multiple state-of-the-art transformer models, including BERT, RoBERTa, GPT-2, and ELECTRA, with fine-tuned ELECTRA achieving the highest performance (F1 score: 0.8980). We also analyze classification errors, revealing challenges with sarcasm, coded language, and label noise.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_04913
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Advancing Hate Speech Detection with Transformers: Insights from the MetaHate
Chapagain, Santosh
Hamdi, Shah Muhammad
Boubrahimi, Soukaina Filali
Machine Learning
Computation and Language
Hate speech is a widespread and harmful form of online discourse, encompassing slurs and defamatory posts that can have serious social, psychological, and sometimes physical impacts on targeted individuals and communities. As social media platforms such as X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and others continue to facilitate widespread communication, they also become breeding grounds for hate speech, which has increasingly been linked to real-world hate crimes. Addressing this issue requires the development of robust automated methods to detect hate speech in diverse social media environments. Deep learning approaches, such as vanilla recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have achieved good results, but are often limited by issues such as long-term dependencies and inefficient parallelization. This study represents the comprehensive exploration of transformer-based models for hate speech detection using the MetaHate dataset--a meta-collection of 36 datasets with 1.2 million social media samples. We evaluate multiple state-of-the-art transformer models, including BERT, RoBERTa, GPT-2, and ELECTRA, with fine-tuned ELECTRA achieving the highest performance (F1 score: 0.8980). We also analyze classification errors, revealing challenges with sarcasm, coded language, and label noise.
title Advancing Hate Speech Detection with Transformers: Insights from the MetaHate
topic Machine Learning
Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.04913