Role of Plaquette Term in Genuine $2+1$D String Dynamics on Quantum Simulators
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866916886753574912 |
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| author | Tian, Yizhuo Srivatsa, N. S. Xu, Kaidi Osborne, Jesse J. Borla, Umberto Halimeh, Jad C. |
| author_facet | Tian, Yizhuo Srivatsa, N. S. Xu, Kaidi Osborne, Jesse J. Borla, Umberto Halimeh, Jad C. |
| contents | With the advent of quantum simulators of $2+1$D lattice gauge theories (LGTs), a fundamental open question is under what circumstances the observed physics is genuinely $2+1$D rather than effectively $1+1$D. Here, we address this question in the ongoing strong effort to quantum-simulate string dynamics in $2+1$D LGTs on state-of-the-art quantum hardware. Through tensor network simulations and analytic derivations, we show that the plaquette term, which represents a magnetic field and only emerges in $d>1$ spatial dimensions, plays a crucial role in \textit{genuine} $2+1$D string dynamics deep in the confined regime. In its absence and for minimal-length (Manhattan-distance) strings, we demonstrate how string breaking, although on a lattice in $d=2$ spatial dimensions, can be effectively mapped to a $1+1$D dynamical process independently of lattice geometry. Our findings not only answer the question of what qualifies as genuine $2+1$D string dynamics, but also serve as a clear guide for future quantum simulation experiments of $2+1$D LGTs. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_05736 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Role of Plaquette Term in Genuine $2+1$D String Dynamics on Quantum Simulators Tian, Yizhuo Srivatsa, N. S. Xu, Kaidi Osborne, Jesse J. Borla, Umberto Halimeh, Jad C. Quantum Physics Quantum Gases Strongly Correlated Electrons High Energy Physics - Lattice High Energy Physics - Theory With the advent of quantum simulators of $2+1$D lattice gauge theories (LGTs), a fundamental open question is under what circumstances the observed physics is genuinely $2+1$D rather than effectively $1+1$D. Here, we address this question in the ongoing strong effort to quantum-simulate string dynamics in $2+1$D LGTs on state-of-the-art quantum hardware. Through tensor network simulations and analytic derivations, we show that the plaquette term, which represents a magnetic field and only emerges in $d>1$ spatial dimensions, plays a crucial role in \textit{genuine} $2+1$D string dynamics deep in the confined regime. In its absence and for minimal-length (Manhattan-distance) strings, we demonstrate how string breaking, although on a lattice in $d=2$ spatial dimensions, can be effectively mapped to a $1+1$D dynamical process independently of lattice geometry. Our findings not only answer the question of what qualifies as genuine $2+1$D string dynamics, but also serve as a clear guide for future quantum simulation experiments of $2+1$D LGTs. |
| title | Role of Plaquette Term in Genuine $2+1$D String Dynamics on Quantum Simulators |
| topic | Quantum Physics Quantum Gases Strongly Correlated Electrons High Energy Physics - Lattice High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05736 |