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Main Authors: 5 Team, Zeng, Aohan, Lv, Xin, Zheng, Qinkai, Hou, Zhenyu, Chen, Bin, Xie, Chengxing, Wang, Cunxiang, Yin, Da, Zeng, Hao, Zhang, Jiajie, Wang, Kedong, Zhong, Lucen, Liu, Mingdao, Lu, Rui, Cao, Shulin, Zhang, Xiaohan, Huang, Xuancheng, Wei, Yao, Cheng, Yean, An, Yifan, Niu, Yilin, Wen, Yuanhao, Bai, Yushi, Du, Zhengxiao, Wang, Zihan, Zhu, Zilin, Zhang, Bohan, Wen, Bosi, Wu, Bowen, Xu, Bowen, Huang, Can, Zhao, Casey, Cai, Changpeng, Yu, Chao, Li, Chen, Ge, Chendi, Huang, Chenghua, Zhang, Chenhui, Xu, Chenxi, Zhu, Chenzheng, Li, Chuang, Yin, Congfeng, Lin, Daoyan, Yang, Dayong, Jiang, Dazhi, Ai, Ding, Zhu, Erle, Wang, Fei, Pan, Gengzheng, Wang, Guo, Sun, Hailong, Li, Haitao, Li, Haiyang, Hu, Haiyi, Zhang, Hanyu, Peng, Hao, Tai, Hao, Zhang, Haoke, Wang, Haoran, Yang, Haoyu, Liu, He, Zhao, He, Liu, Hongwei, Yan, Hongxi, Liu, Huan, Chen, Huilong, Li, Ji, Zhao, Jiajing, Ren, Jiamin, Jiao, Jian, Zhao, Jiani, Yan, Jianyang, Wang, Jiaqi, Gui, Jiayi, Zhao, Jiayue, Liu, Jie, Li, Jijie, Li, Jing, Lu, Jing, Wang, Jingsen, Yuan, Jingwei, Li, Jingxuan, Du, Jingzhao, Du, Jinhua, Liu, Jinxin, Zhi, Junkai, Gao, Junli, Wang, Ke, Yang, Lekang, Xu, Liang, Fan, Lin, Wu, Lindong, Ding, Lintao, Wang, Lu, Zhang, Man, Li, Minghao, Xu, Minghuan, Zhao, Mingming, Zhai, Mingshu, Du, Pengfan, Dong, Qian, Lei, Shangde, Tu, Shangqing, Yang, Shangtong, Lu, Shaoyou, Li, Shijie, Li, Shuang, Shuang-Li, Yang, Shuxun, Yi, Sibo, Yu, Tianshu, Tian, Wei, Wang, Weihan, Yu, Wenbo, Tam, Weng Lam, Liang, Wenjie, Liu, Wentao, Wang, Xiao, Jia, Xiaohan, Gu, Xiaotao, Ling, Xiaoying, Wang, Xin, Fan, Xing, Pan, Xingru, Zhang, Xinyuan, Zhang, Xinze, Fu, Xiuqing, Zhang, Xunkai, Xu, Yabo, Wu, Yandong, Lu, Yida, Wang, Yidong, Zhou, Yilin, Pan, Yiming, Zhang, Ying, Wang, Yingli, Li, Yingru, Su, Yinpei, Geng, Yipeng, Zhu, Yitong, Yang, Yongkun, Li, Yuhang, Wu, Yuhao, Li, Yujiang, Liu, Yunan, Wang, Yunqing, Li, Yuntao, Zhang, Yuxuan, Liu, Zezhen, Yang, Zhen, Zhou, Zhengda, Qiao, Zhongpei, Feng, Zhuoer, Liu, Zhuorui, Zhang, Zichen, Yao, Zijun, Wang, Zikang, Liu, Ziqiang, Chai, Ziwei, Li, Zixuan, Zhao, Zuodong, Chen, Wenguang, Zhai, Jidong, Xu, Bin, Huang, Minlie, Wang, Hongning, Li, Juanzi, Dong, Yuxiao, Tang, Jie
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06471
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_version_ 1866908482545909760
author 5 Team
Zeng, Aohan
Lv, Xin
Zheng, Qinkai
Hou, Zhenyu
Chen, Bin
Xie, Chengxing
Wang, Cunxiang
Yin, Da
Zeng, Hao
Zhang, Jiajie
Wang, Kedong
Zhong, Lucen
Liu, Mingdao
Lu, Rui
Cao, Shulin
Zhang, Xiaohan
Huang, Xuancheng
Wei, Yao
Cheng, Yean
An, Yifan
Niu, Yilin
Wen, Yuanhao
Bai, Yushi
Du, Zhengxiao
Wang, Zihan
Zhu, Zilin
Zhang, Bohan
Wen, Bosi
Wu, Bowen
Xu, Bowen
Huang, Can
Zhao, Casey
Cai, Changpeng
Yu, Chao
Li, Chen
Ge, Chendi
Huang, Chenghua
Zhang, Chenhui
Xu, Chenxi
Zhu, Chenzheng
Li, Chuang
Yin, Congfeng
Lin, Daoyan
Yang, Dayong
Jiang, Dazhi
Ai, Ding
Zhu, Erle
Wang, Fei
Pan, Gengzheng
Wang, Guo
Sun, Hailong
Li, Haitao
Li, Haiyang
Hu, Haiyi
Zhang, Hanyu
Peng, Hao
Tai, Hao
Zhang, Haoke
Wang, Haoran
Yang, Haoyu
Liu, He
Zhao, He
Liu, Hongwei
Yan, Hongxi
Liu, Huan
Chen, Huilong
Li, Ji
Zhao, Jiajing
Ren, Jiamin
Jiao, Jian
Zhao, Jiani
Yan, Jianyang
Wang, Jiaqi
Gui, Jiayi
Zhao, Jiayue
Liu, Jie
Li, Jijie
Li, Jing
Lu, Jing
Wang, Jingsen
Yuan, Jingwei
Li, Jingxuan
Du, Jingzhao
Du, Jinhua
Liu, Jinxin
Zhi, Junkai
Gao, Junli
Wang, Ke
Yang, Lekang
Xu, Liang
Fan, Lin
Wu, Lindong
Ding, Lintao
Wang, Lu
Zhang, Man
Li, Minghao
Xu, Minghuan
Zhao, Mingming
Zhai, Mingshu
Du, Pengfan
Dong, Qian
Lei, Shangde
Tu, Shangqing
Yang, Shangtong
Lu, Shaoyou
Li, Shijie
Li, Shuang
Shuang-Li
Yang, Shuxun
Yi, Sibo
Yu, Tianshu
Tian, Wei
Wang, Weihan
Yu, Wenbo
Tam, Weng Lam
Liang, Wenjie
Liu, Wentao
Wang, Xiao
Jia, Xiaohan
Gu, Xiaotao
Ling, Xiaoying
Wang, Xin
Fan, Xing
Pan, Xingru
Zhang, Xinyuan
Zhang, Xinze
Fu, Xiuqing
Zhang, Xunkai
Xu, Yabo
Wu, Yandong
Lu, Yida
Wang, Yidong
Zhou, Yilin
Pan, Yiming
Zhang, Ying
Wang, Yingli
Li, Yingru
Su, Yinpei
Geng, Yipeng
Zhu, Yitong
Yang, Yongkun
Li, Yuhang
Wu, Yuhao
Li, Yujiang
Liu, Yunan
Wang, Yunqing
Li, Yuntao
Zhang, Yuxuan
Liu, Zezhen
Yang, Zhen
Zhou, Zhengda
Qiao, Zhongpei
Feng, Zhuoer
Liu, Zhuorui
Zhang, Zichen
Wang, Zihan
Yao, Zijun
Wang, Zikang
Liu, Ziqiang
Chai, Ziwei
Li, Zixuan
Zhao, Zuodong
Chen, Wenguang
Zhai, Jidong
Xu, Bin
Huang, Minlie
Wang, Hongning
Li, Juanzi
Dong, Yuxiao
Tang, Jie
author_facet 5 Team
Zeng, Aohan
Lv, Xin
Zheng, Qinkai
Hou, Zhenyu
Chen, Bin
Xie, Chengxing
Wang, Cunxiang
Yin, Da
Zeng, Hao
Zhang, Jiajie
Wang, Kedong
Zhong, Lucen
Liu, Mingdao
Lu, Rui
Cao, Shulin
Zhang, Xiaohan
Huang, Xuancheng
Wei, Yao
Cheng, Yean
An, Yifan
Niu, Yilin
Wen, Yuanhao
Bai, Yushi
Du, Zhengxiao
Wang, Zihan
Zhu, Zilin
Zhang, Bohan
Wen, Bosi
Wu, Bowen
Xu, Bowen
Huang, Can
Zhao, Casey
Cai, Changpeng
Yu, Chao
Li, Chen
Ge, Chendi
Huang, Chenghua
Zhang, Chenhui
Xu, Chenxi
Zhu, Chenzheng
Li, Chuang
Yin, Congfeng
Lin, Daoyan
Yang, Dayong
Jiang, Dazhi
Ai, Ding
Zhu, Erle
Wang, Fei
Pan, Gengzheng
Wang, Guo
Sun, Hailong
Li, Haitao
Li, Haiyang
Hu, Haiyi
Zhang, Hanyu
Peng, Hao
Tai, Hao
Zhang, Haoke
Wang, Haoran
Yang, Haoyu
Liu, He
Zhao, He
Liu, Hongwei
Yan, Hongxi
Liu, Huan
Chen, Huilong
Li, Ji
Zhao, Jiajing
Ren, Jiamin
Jiao, Jian
Zhao, Jiani
Yan, Jianyang
Wang, Jiaqi
Gui, Jiayi
Zhao, Jiayue
Liu, Jie
Li, Jijie
Li, Jing
Lu, Jing
Wang, Jingsen
Yuan, Jingwei
Li, Jingxuan
Du, Jingzhao
Du, Jinhua
Liu, Jinxin
Zhi, Junkai
Gao, Junli
Wang, Ke
Yang, Lekang
Xu, Liang
Fan, Lin
Wu, Lindong
Ding, Lintao
Wang, Lu
Zhang, Man
Li, Minghao
Xu, Minghuan
Zhao, Mingming
Zhai, Mingshu
Du, Pengfan
Dong, Qian
Lei, Shangde
Tu, Shangqing
Yang, Shangtong
Lu, Shaoyou
Li, Shijie
Li, Shuang
Shuang-Li
Yang, Shuxun
Yi, Sibo
Yu, Tianshu
Tian, Wei
Wang, Weihan
Yu, Wenbo
Tam, Weng Lam
Liang, Wenjie
Liu, Wentao
Wang, Xiao
Jia, Xiaohan
Gu, Xiaotao
Ling, Xiaoying
Wang, Xin
Fan, Xing
Pan, Xingru
Zhang, Xinyuan
Zhang, Xinze
Fu, Xiuqing
Zhang, Xunkai
Xu, Yabo
Wu, Yandong
Lu, Yida
Wang, Yidong
Zhou, Yilin
Pan, Yiming
Zhang, Ying
Wang, Yingli
Li, Yingru
Su, Yinpei
Geng, Yipeng
Zhu, Yitong
Yang, Yongkun
Li, Yuhang
Wu, Yuhao
Li, Yujiang
Liu, Yunan
Wang, Yunqing
Li, Yuntao
Zhang, Yuxuan
Liu, Zezhen
Yang, Zhen
Zhou, Zhengda
Qiao, Zhongpei
Feng, Zhuoer
Liu, Zhuorui
Zhang, Zichen
Wang, Zihan
Yao, Zijun
Wang, Zikang
Liu, Ziqiang
Chai, Ziwei
Li, Zixuan
Zhao, Zuodong
Chen, Wenguang
Zhai, Jidong
Xu, Bin
Huang, Minlie
Wang, Hongning
Li, Juanzi
Dong, Yuxiao
Tang, Jie
contents We present GLM-4.5, an open-source Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 355B total parameters and 32B activated parameters, featuring a hybrid reasoning method that supports both thinking and direct response modes. Through multi-stage training on 23T tokens and comprehensive post-training with expert model iteration and reinforcement learning, GLM-4.5 achieves strong performance across agentic, reasoning, and coding (ARC) tasks, scoring 70.1% on TAU-Bench, 91.0% on AIME 24, and 64.2% on SWE-bench Verified. With much fewer parameters than several competitors, GLM-4.5 ranks 3rd overall among all evaluated models and 2nd on agentic benchmarks. We release both GLM-4.5 (355B parameters) and a compact version, GLM-4.5-Air (106B parameters), to advance research in reasoning and agentic AI systems. Code, models, and more information are available at https://github.com/zai-org/GLM-4.5.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_06471
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models
5 Team
Zeng, Aohan
Lv, Xin
Zheng, Qinkai
Hou, Zhenyu
Chen, Bin
Xie, Chengxing
Wang, Cunxiang
Yin, Da
Zeng, Hao
Zhang, Jiajie
Wang, Kedong
Zhong, Lucen
Liu, Mingdao
Lu, Rui
Cao, Shulin
Zhang, Xiaohan
Huang, Xuancheng
Wei, Yao
Cheng, Yean
An, Yifan
Niu, Yilin
Wen, Yuanhao
Bai, Yushi
Du, Zhengxiao
Wang, Zihan
Zhu, Zilin
Zhang, Bohan
Wen, Bosi
Wu, Bowen
Xu, Bowen
Huang, Can
Zhao, Casey
Cai, Changpeng
Yu, Chao
Li, Chen
Ge, Chendi
Huang, Chenghua
Zhang, Chenhui
Xu, Chenxi
Zhu, Chenzheng
Li, Chuang
Yin, Congfeng
Lin, Daoyan
Yang, Dayong
Jiang, Dazhi
Ai, Ding
Zhu, Erle
Wang, Fei
Pan, Gengzheng
Wang, Guo
Sun, Hailong
Li, Haitao
Li, Haiyang
Hu, Haiyi
Zhang, Hanyu
Peng, Hao
Tai, Hao
Zhang, Haoke
Wang, Haoran
Yang, Haoyu
Liu, He
Zhao, He
Liu, Hongwei
Yan, Hongxi
Liu, Huan
Chen, Huilong
Li, Ji
Zhao, Jiajing
Ren, Jiamin
Jiao, Jian
Zhao, Jiani
Yan, Jianyang
Wang, Jiaqi
Gui, Jiayi
Zhao, Jiayue
Liu, Jie
Li, Jijie
Li, Jing
Lu, Jing
Wang, Jingsen
Yuan, Jingwei
Li, Jingxuan
Du, Jingzhao
Du, Jinhua
Liu, Jinxin
Zhi, Junkai
Gao, Junli
Wang, Ke
Yang, Lekang
Xu, Liang
Fan, Lin
Wu, Lindong
Ding, Lintao
Wang, Lu
Zhang, Man
Li, Minghao
Xu, Minghuan
Zhao, Mingming
Zhai, Mingshu
Du, Pengfan
Dong, Qian
Lei, Shangde
Tu, Shangqing
Yang, Shangtong
Lu, Shaoyou
Li, Shijie
Li, Shuang
Shuang-Li
Yang, Shuxun
Yi, Sibo
Yu, Tianshu
Tian, Wei
Wang, Weihan
Yu, Wenbo
Tam, Weng Lam
Liang, Wenjie
Liu, Wentao
Wang, Xiao
Jia, Xiaohan
Gu, Xiaotao
Ling, Xiaoying
Wang, Xin
Fan, Xing
Pan, Xingru
Zhang, Xinyuan
Zhang, Xinze
Fu, Xiuqing
Zhang, Xunkai
Xu, Yabo
Wu, Yandong
Lu, Yida
Wang, Yidong
Zhou, Yilin
Pan, Yiming
Zhang, Ying
Wang, Yingli
Li, Yingru
Su, Yinpei
Geng, Yipeng
Zhu, Yitong
Yang, Yongkun
Li, Yuhang
Wu, Yuhao
Li, Yujiang
Liu, Yunan
Wang, Yunqing
Li, Yuntao
Zhang, Yuxuan
Liu, Zezhen
Yang, Zhen
Zhou, Zhengda
Qiao, Zhongpei
Feng, Zhuoer
Liu, Zhuorui
Zhang, Zichen
Wang, Zihan
Yao, Zijun
Wang, Zikang
Liu, Ziqiang
Chai, Ziwei
Li, Zixuan
Zhao, Zuodong
Chen, Wenguang
Zhai, Jidong
Xu, Bin
Huang, Minlie
Wang, Hongning
Li, Juanzi
Dong, Yuxiao
Tang, Jie
Computation and Language
We present GLM-4.5, an open-source Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 355B total parameters and 32B activated parameters, featuring a hybrid reasoning method that supports both thinking and direct response modes. Through multi-stage training on 23T tokens and comprehensive post-training with expert model iteration and reinforcement learning, GLM-4.5 achieves strong performance across agentic, reasoning, and coding (ARC) tasks, scoring 70.1% on TAU-Bench, 91.0% on AIME 24, and 64.2% on SWE-bench Verified. With much fewer parameters than several competitors, GLM-4.5 ranks 3rd overall among all evaluated models and 2nd on agentic benchmarks. We release both GLM-4.5 (355B parameters) and a compact version, GLM-4.5-Air (106B parameters), to advance research in reasoning and agentic AI systems. Code, models, and more information are available at https://github.com/zai-org/GLM-4.5.
title GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06471