Time-dependent Zermelo navigation with tacking

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Markvorsen, Steen, Pendás-Recondo, Enrique, Rygaard, Frederik Möbius
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Markvorsen, Steen
Pendás-Recondo, Enrique
Rygaard, Frederik Möbius
author_facet Markvorsen, Steen
Pendás-Recondo, Enrique
Rygaard, Frederik Möbius
contents We address the time- and position-dependent Zermelo navigation problem within the framework of Lorentz-Finsler geometry. Since the initial work of E. Zermelo, the task is to find the time-minimizing trajectory between two regions for a moving object whose speed profile depends on time, position and direction. We give a step-by-step review of the classical formulation of the problem, where the geometric shape generated by the velocity vectors -- the speed profile indicatrix -- is strongly convex at each point. We derive new global results for the cases where the indicatrix field is only time-dependent. In such (meso-scale realistic) cases, Zermelo navigation exhibits particularly favorable properties that have not been previously explored, making them especially appealing for both theoretical and numerical investigations. Moreover, motivated by real-world phenomena and examples, we obtain novel results for non-convex (or multi-convex) navigation, i.e. when the indicatrices fail to be convex. In this new setting -- which is not unlike the corresponding Finsler setting for Snell's law -- optimal paths may involve so-called tacking, which stems from discontinuous shifts of direction of motion. The tacking behaviour thus results in zig-zag trajectories, as observed in time-optimal sailboat navigation and surprisingly also in the flight paths of far-ranging seabirds. Finally, we provide new efficient computational algorithms and illustrate the use of them to solve the Zermelo navigation (boundary value) problem, i.e. to find numerically the time-minimizing trajectory between two fixed points in the general non-convex setting.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_07274
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Time-dependent Zermelo navigation with tacking
Markvorsen, Steen
Pendás-Recondo, Enrique
Rygaard, Frederik Möbius
Differential Geometry
Mathematical Physics
53C22, 53C60, 53B40, 53C80, 65L10
We address the time- and position-dependent Zermelo navigation problem within the framework of Lorentz-Finsler geometry. Since the initial work of E. Zermelo, the task is to find the time-minimizing trajectory between two regions for a moving object whose speed profile depends on time, position and direction. We give a step-by-step review of the classical formulation of the problem, where the geometric shape generated by the velocity vectors -- the speed profile indicatrix -- is strongly convex at each point. We derive new global results for the cases where the indicatrix field is only time-dependent. In such (meso-scale realistic) cases, Zermelo navigation exhibits particularly favorable properties that have not been previously explored, making them especially appealing for both theoretical and numerical investigations. Moreover, motivated by real-world phenomena and examples, we obtain novel results for non-convex (or multi-convex) navigation, i.e. when the indicatrices fail to be convex. In this new setting -- which is not unlike the corresponding Finsler setting for Snell's law -- optimal paths may involve so-called tacking, which stems from discontinuous shifts of direction of motion. The tacking behaviour thus results in zig-zag trajectories, as observed in time-optimal sailboat navigation and surprisingly also in the flight paths of far-ranging seabirds. Finally, we provide new efficient computational algorithms and illustrate the use of them to solve the Zermelo navigation (boundary value) problem, i.e. to find numerically the time-minimizing trajectory between two fixed points in the general non-convex setting.
title Time-dependent Zermelo navigation with tacking
topic Differential Geometry
Mathematical Physics
53C22, 53C60, 53B40, 53C80, 65L10
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07274