Freeze and Reveal: Exposing Modality Bias in Vision-Language Models

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Main Authors: Kavuri, Vivek Hruday, Karanam, Vysishtya, Venkamsetty, Venkata Jahnavi, Madumadukala, Kriti, Darur, Lakshmipathi Balaji, Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Kavuri, Vivek Hruday
Karanam, Vysishtya
Venkamsetty, Venkata Jahnavi
Madumadukala, Kriti
Darur, Lakshmipathi Balaji
Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam
author_facet Kavuri, Vivek Hruday
Karanam, Vysishtya
Venkamsetty, Venkata Jahnavi
Madumadukala, Kriti
Darur, Lakshmipathi Balaji
Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam
contents Vision Language Models achieve impressive multi-modal performance but often inherit gender biases from their training data. This bias might be coming from both the vision and text modalities. In this work, we dissect the contributions of vision and text backbones to these biases by applying targeted debiasing using Counterfactual Data Augmentation and Task Vector methods. Inspired by data-efficient approaches in hate-speech classification, we introduce a novel metric, Degree of Stereotypicality and a corresponding debiasing method, Data Augmentation Using Degree of Stereotypicality - DAUDoS, to reduce bias with minimal computational cost. We curate a gender annotated dataset and evaluate all methods on VisoGender benchmark to quantify improvements and identify dominant source of bias. Our results show that CDA reduces the gender gap by 6% and DAUDoS by 3% but using only one-third of the data. Both methods also improve the model's ability to correctly identify gender in images by 3%, with DAUDoS achieving this improvement using only almost one-third of training data. From our experiment's, we observed that CLIP's vision encoder is more biased whereas PaliGemma2's text encoder is more biased. By identifying whether bias stems more from vision or text encoders, our work enables more targeted and effective bias mitigation strategies in future multi-modal systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_07432
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Freeze and Reveal: Exposing Modality Bias in Vision-Language Models
Kavuri, Vivek Hruday
Karanam, Vysishtya
Venkamsetty, Venkata Jahnavi
Madumadukala, Kriti
Darur, Lakshmipathi Balaji
Kumaraguru, Ponnurangam
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Artificial Intelligence
Vision Language Models achieve impressive multi-modal performance but often inherit gender biases from their training data. This bias might be coming from both the vision and text modalities. In this work, we dissect the contributions of vision and text backbones to these biases by applying targeted debiasing using Counterfactual Data Augmentation and Task Vector methods. Inspired by data-efficient approaches in hate-speech classification, we introduce a novel metric, Degree of Stereotypicality and a corresponding debiasing method, Data Augmentation Using Degree of Stereotypicality - DAUDoS, to reduce bias with minimal computational cost. We curate a gender annotated dataset and evaluate all methods on VisoGender benchmark to quantify improvements and identify dominant source of bias. Our results show that CDA reduces the gender gap by 6% and DAUDoS by 3% but using only one-third of the data. Both methods also improve the model's ability to correctly identify gender in images by 3%, with DAUDoS achieving this improvement using only almost one-third of training data. From our experiment's, we observed that CLIP's vision encoder is more biased whereas PaliGemma2's text encoder is more biased. By identifying whether bias stems more from vision or text encoders, our work enables more targeted and effective bias mitigation strategies in future multi-modal systems.
title Freeze and Reveal: Exposing Modality Bias in Vision-Language Models
topic Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07432