Exploring Molecular Odor Taxonomies for Structure-based Odor Predictions using Machine Learning

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Sajan, Akshay, Sluis, Stijn, Haydarlou, Reza, Abeln, Sanne, Lisena, Pasquale, Troncy, Raphael, Verbeek, Caro, Leemans, Inger, Mouhib, Halima
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Sajan, Akshay
Sluis, Stijn
Haydarlou, Reza
Abeln, Sanne
Lisena, Pasquale
Troncy, Raphael
Verbeek, Caro
Leemans, Inger
Mouhib, Halima
author_facet Sajan, Akshay
Sluis, Stijn
Haydarlou, Reza
Abeln, Sanne
Lisena, Pasquale
Troncy, Raphael
Verbeek, Caro
Leemans, Inger
Mouhib, Halima
contents One of the key challenges to predict odor from molecular structure is unarguably our limited understanding of the odor space and the complexity of the underlying structure-odor relationships. Here, we show that the predictive performance of machine learning models for structure-based odor predictions can be improved using both, an expert and a data-driven odor taxonomy. The expert taxonomy is based on semantic and perceptual similarities, while the data-driven taxonomy is based on clustering co-occurrence patterns of odor descriptors directly from the prepared dataset. Both taxonomies improve the predictions of different machine learning models and outperform random groupings of descriptors that do not reflect existing relations between odor descriptors. We assess the quality of both taxonomies through their predictive performance across different odor classes and perform an in-depth error analysis highlighting the complexity of odor-structure relationships and identifying potential inconsistencies within the taxonomies by showcasing pear odorants used in perfumery. The data-driven taxonomy allows us to critically evaluate our expert taxonomy and better understand the molecular odor space. Both taxonomies as well as a full dataset are made available to the community, providing a stepping stone for a future community-driven exploration of the molecular basis of smell. In addition, we provide a detailed multi-layer expert taxonomy including a total of 777 different descriptors from the Pyrfume repository.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_09217
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Exploring Molecular Odor Taxonomies for Structure-based Odor Predictions using Machine Learning
Sajan, Akshay
Sluis, Stijn
Haydarlou, Reza
Abeln, Sanne
Lisena, Pasquale
Troncy, Raphael
Verbeek, Caro
Leemans, Inger
Mouhib, Halima
Quantitative Methods
Machine Learning
research article
One of the key challenges to predict odor from molecular structure is unarguably our limited understanding of the odor space and the complexity of the underlying structure-odor relationships. Here, we show that the predictive performance of machine learning models for structure-based odor predictions can be improved using both, an expert and a data-driven odor taxonomy. The expert taxonomy is based on semantic and perceptual similarities, while the data-driven taxonomy is based on clustering co-occurrence patterns of odor descriptors directly from the prepared dataset. Both taxonomies improve the predictions of different machine learning models and outperform random groupings of descriptors that do not reflect existing relations between odor descriptors. We assess the quality of both taxonomies through their predictive performance across different odor classes and perform an in-depth error analysis highlighting the complexity of odor-structure relationships and identifying potential inconsistencies within the taxonomies by showcasing pear odorants used in perfumery. The data-driven taxonomy allows us to critically evaluate our expert taxonomy and better understand the molecular odor space. Both taxonomies as well as a full dataset are made available to the community, providing a stepping stone for a future community-driven exploration of the molecular basis of smell. In addition, we provide a detailed multi-layer expert taxonomy including a total of 777 different descriptors from the Pyrfume repository.
title Exploring Molecular Odor Taxonomies for Structure-based Odor Predictions using Machine Learning
topic Quantitative Methods
Machine Learning
research article
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.09217