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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| Online-Zugang: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.09951 |
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| author | Topkaras, Theodoros Bisbas, Thomas G. Zhang, Zhi-Yu Ossenkopf-Okada, V. |
| author_facet | Topkaras, Theodoros Bisbas, Thomas G. Zhang, Zhi-Yu Ossenkopf-Okada, V. |
| contents | Context. Cold molecular gas tracers, such as CI and CO lines, have been widely used to infer specific characteristics of the ISM and to derive star-formation relations among galaxies. Aims. However, there is still a lack of systematic studies of the star-formation scaling relation of CO and [CI] lines across cosmic time on multiple physical scales. Methods. We used observations of the ground state transitions of [CI], CO, and [CII], for 885 sources collected from the literature, to infer possible correlations between line luminosities of $\rm L^{'}_{[CI](1-0)}, \rm L^{'}_{CO(1-0)}$, and $\rm L^{'}_{[CII]}$ with star formation rates (SFR). With linear regression, we fit the relations between SFR and molecular mass derived from CO, CI, and CII lines. Results. The relation between [CI] and CO-based total molecular masses is weakly superlinear. Nevertheless, they can be calibrated against each other. For $\rm α_{CO} = 0.8$ and $4.0\ \rm {M}_{\odot}\,({K}\,{km}\,{s}^{-1}\,{pc}^2)^{-1}$ we derive $α_{\rm [CI]} = 3.9$ and $\sim$$17\ \rm {M}_{\odot}\,({K}\,{km}\,{s}^{-1}\,{pc}^2)^{-1}$ , respectively. Using the \emph{lmfit} package, we derived relation slopes of SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{[CI](1-0)}$, SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{CO(1-0)}$, and SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{[CII](1-0)}$ to be $\rm β$ = 1.06 $\pm$ 0.02, 1.24 $\pm$ 0.02, and 0.74 $\pm$ 0.02, respectively. With a Bayesian-inference \emph{linmix} method, we find consistent results. Conclusions. Our relations for [CI](1-0) and CO(1-0) indicate that they trace similar molecular gas contents, across different redshifts and different types of galaxies. This suggests that these correlations do not have strong evolution with cosmic time. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_09951 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time Topkaras, Theodoros Bisbas, Thomas G. Zhang, Zhi-Yu Ossenkopf-Okada, V. Astrophysics of Galaxies Context. Cold molecular gas tracers, such as CI and CO lines, have been widely used to infer specific characteristics of the ISM and to derive star-formation relations among galaxies. Aims. However, there is still a lack of systematic studies of the star-formation scaling relation of CO and [CI] lines across cosmic time on multiple physical scales. Methods. We used observations of the ground state transitions of [CI], CO, and [CII], for 885 sources collected from the literature, to infer possible correlations between line luminosities of $\rm L^{'}_{[CI](1-0)}, \rm L^{'}_{CO(1-0)}$, and $\rm L^{'}_{[CII]}$ with star formation rates (SFR). With linear regression, we fit the relations between SFR and molecular mass derived from CO, CI, and CII lines. Results. The relation between [CI] and CO-based total molecular masses is weakly superlinear. Nevertheless, they can be calibrated against each other. For $\rm α_{CO} = 0.8$ and $4.0\ \rm {M}_{\odot}\,({K}\,{km}\,{s}^{-1}\,{pc}^2)^{-1}$ we derive $α_{\rm [CI]} = 3.9$ and $\sim$$17\ \rm {M}_{\odot}\,({K}\,{km}\,{s}^{-1}\,{pc}^2)^{-1}$ , respectively. Using the \emph{lmfit} package, we derived relation slopes of SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{[CI](1-0)}$, SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{CO(1-0)}$, and SFR--$\rm L^{'}_{[CII](1-0)}$ to be $\rm β$ = 1.06 $\pm$ 0.02, 1.24 $\pm$ 0.02, and 0.74 $\pm$ 0.02, respectively. With a Bayesian-inference \emph{linmix} method, we find consistent results. Conclusions. Our relations for [CI](1-0) and CO(1-0) indicate that they trace similar molecular gas contents, across different redshifts and different types of galaxies. This suggests that these correlations do not have strong evolution with cosmic time. |
| title | Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.09951 |