SaMOSA: Sandbox for Malware Orchestration and Side-Channel Analysis

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Main Authors: Udeshi, Meet, Putrevu, Venkata Sai Charan, Krishnamurthy, Prashanth, Karri, Ramesh, Khorrami, Farshad
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Udeshi, Meet
Putrevu, Venkata Sai Charan
Krishnamurthy, Prashanth
Karri, Ramesh
Khorrami, Farshad
author_facet Udeshi, Meet
Putrevu, Venkata Sai Charan
Krishnamurthy, Prashanth
Karri, Ramesh
Khorrami, Farshad
contents Cyber-attacks on operational technology (OT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS) have increased tremendously in recent years with the proliferation of malware targeting Linux-based embedded devices of OT and CPS systems. Comprehensive malware detection requires dynamic analysis of execution behavior in addition to static analysis of binaries. Safe execution of malware in a manner that captures relevant behaviors via side-channels requires a sandbox environment. Existing Linux sandboxes are built for specific tasks, only capture one or two side-channels, and do not offer customization for different analysis tasks. We present the SaMOSA Linux sandbox that allows emulation of Linux malwares while capturing time-synchronized side-channels from four sources. SaMOSA additionally provides emulation of network services via FakeNet, and allows orchestration and customization of the sandbox environment via pipeline hooks. In comparison to existing Linux sandboxes, SaMOSA captures more side-channels namely system calls, network activity, disk activity, and hardware performance counters. It supports three architectures predominantly used in OT and CPS namely x86-64, ARM64, and PowerPC 64. SaMOSA fills a gap in Linux malware analysis by providing a modular and customizable sandbox framework that can be adapted for many malware analysis tasks. We present three case studies of three different malware families to demonstrate the advantages of SaMOSA.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_14261
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle SaMOSA: Sandbox for Malware Orchestration and Side-Channel Analysis
Udeshi, Meet
Putrevu, Venkata Sai Charan
Krishnamurthy, Prashanth
Karri, Ramesh
Khorrami, Farshad
Cryptography and Security
Cyber-attacks on operational technology (OT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS) have increased tremendously in recent years with the proliferation of malware targeting Linux-based embedded devices of OT and CPS systems. Comprehensive malware detection requires dynamic analysis of execution behavior in addition to static analysis of binaries. Safe execution of malware in a manner that captures relevant behaviors via side-channels requires a sandbox environment. Existing Linux sandboxes are built for specific tasks, only capture one or two side-channels, and do not offer customization for different analysis tasks. We present the SaMOSA Linux sandbox that allows emulation of Linux malwares while capturing time-synchronized side-channels from four sources. SaMOSA additionally provides emulation of network services via FakeNet, and allows orchestration and customization of the sandbox environment via pipeline hooks. In comparison to existing Linux sandboxes, SaMOSA captures more side-channels namely system calls, network activity, disk activity, and hardware performance counters. It supports three architectures predominantly used in OT and CPS namely x86-64, ARM64, and PowerPC 64. SaMOSA fills a gap in Linux malware analysis by providing a modular and customizable sandbox framework that can be adapted for many malware analysis tasks. We present three case studies of three different malware families to demonstrate the advantages of SaMOSA.
title SaMOSA: Sandbox for Malware Orchestration and Side-Channel Analysis
topic Cryptography and Security
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14261