An accurate DFT-1/2 approach for shallow defect states: Efficient calculation of donor binding energies in silicon

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Main Authors: Claes, Joshua, Partoens, Bart, Lamoen, Dirk, Marques, Marcelo, Teles, Lara K.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Claes, Joshua
Partoens, Bart
Lamoen, Dirk
Marques, Marcelo
Teles, Lara K.
author_facet Claes, Joshua
Partoens, Bart
Lamoen, Dirk
Marques, Marcelo
Teles, Lara K.
contents Accurate prediction of shallow-donor electron binding energies is critical for device modeling, dopant activation, and donor-based quantum technologies. Traditional beyond-DFT approaches (e.g., hybrid functionals, GW) are prohibitively expensive for the large supercells needed to capture the extended, hydrogenic wavefunctions, while semi-local DFT underestimates band gaps and suffers from delocalization errors. We present a simple, practical protocol for shallow donors based on the DFT-1/2 approximate quasiparticle correction that maintains the computational cost of standard DFT and enables supercells up to thousands of atoms. This approach provides a straightforward and reproducible workflow that delivers reliable donor binding energies with minimal computational overhead. Applied to group-V donors in Si, Si:X (X= P, As, Sb, Bi), the method yields binding energies in close agreement with experiment. We found that, for Si:Bi, it is essential to include spin-orbit coupling to achieve near-experimental values with a difference of only $\sim$ 4 meV. For arsenic, the method yields excellent agreement with experiment, with a difference of only ~0.3 meV. For antimony, the results match experiment to within ~5 meV, and for phosphorus, the deviation is within ~8 meV. Beyond its high accuracy, DFT-1/2 offers a significant practical advantage, providing a straightforward, reproducible, and transferable workflow that is less demanding than hybrid functional approaches while remaining fully generalizable to other shallow impurities in semiconductors.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_14738
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An accurate DFT-1/2 approach for shallow defect states: Efficient calculation of donor binding energies in silicon
Claes, Joshua
Partoens, Bart
Lamoen, Dirk
Marques, Marcelo
Teles, Lara K.
Materials Science
Other Condensed Matter
Computational Physics
Quantum Physics
Accurate prediction of shallow-donor electron binding energies is critical for device modeling, dopant activation, and donor-based quantum technologies. Traditional beyond-DFT approaches (e.g., hybrid functionals, GW) are prohibitively expensive for the large supercells needed to capture the extended, hydrogenic wavefunctions, while semi-local DFT underestimates band gaps and suffers from delocalization errors. We present a simple, practical protocol for shallow donors based on the DFT-1/2 approximate quasiparticle correction that maintains the computational cost of standard DFT and enables supercells up to thousands of atoms. This approach provides a straightforward and reproducible workflow that delivers reliable donor binding energies with minimal computational overhead. Applied to group-V donors in Si, Si:X (X= P, As, Sb, Bi), the method yields binding energies in close agreement with experiment. We found that, for Si:Bi, it is essential to include spin-orbit coupling to achieve near-experimental values with a difference of only $\sim$ 4 meV. For arsenic, the method yields excellent agreement with experiment, with a difference of only ~0.3 meV. For antimony, the results match experiment to within ~5 meV, and for phosphorus, the deviation is within ~8 meV. Beyond its high accuracy, DFT-1/2 offers a significant practical advantage, providing a straightforward, reproducible, and transferable workflow that is less demanding than hybrid functional approaches while remaining fully generalizable to other shallow impurities in semiconductors.
title An accurate DFT-1/2 approach for shallow defect states: Efficient calculation of donor binding energies in silicon
topic Materials Science
Other Condensed Matter
Computational Physics
Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14738