Quantum Higher Order Fourier Analysis and the Clifford Hierarchy

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Bu, Kaifeng, Gu, Weichen, Jaffe, Arthur
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Bu, Kaifeng
Gu, Weichen
Jaffe, Arthur
author_facet Bu, Kaifeng
Gu, Weichen
Jaffe, Arthur
contents We propose a mathematical framework that we call quantum, higher-order Fourier analysis. This generalizes the classical theory of higher-order Fourier analysis, which led to many advances in number theory and combinatorics. We define a family of quantum measures on a Hilbert space, that reduce in the case of diagonal matrices to the classical uniformity norms. We show that our quantum measures and our related theory of quantum higher-order Fourier analysis characterize the Clifford hierarchy, an important notion of complexity in quantum information. In particular, we give a necessary and sufficient analytic condition that a unitary is an element of the k-th level of the Clifford hierarchy.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_15908
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quantum Higher Order Fourier Analysis and the Clifford Hierarchy
Bu, Kaifeng
Gu, Weichen
Jaffe, Arthur
Quantum Physics
Mathematical Physics
Functional Analysis
Operator Algebras
We propose a mathematical framework that we call quantum, higher-order Fourier analysis. This generalizes the classical theory of higher-order Fourier analysis, which led to many advances in number theory and combinatorics. We define a family of quantum measures on a Hilbert space, that reduce in the case of diagonal matrices to the classical uniformity norms. We show that our quantum measures and our related theory of quantum higher-order Fourier analysis characterize the Clifford hierarchy, an important notion of complexity in quantum information. In particular, we give a necessary and sufficient analytic condition that a unitary is an element of the k-th level of the Clifford hierarchy.
title Quantum Higher Order Fourier Analysis and the Clifford Hierarchy
topic Quantum Physics
Mathematical Physics
Functional Analysis
Operator Algebras
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15908