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Main Authors: de Bodt, Cyril, Diaz-Papkovich, Alex, Bleher, Michael, Bunte, Kerstin, Coupette, Corinna, Damrich, Sebastian, Sanmartin, Enrique Fita, Hamprecht, Fred A., Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes, Kohli, Dhruv, Krishnaswamy, Smita, Lee, John A., Lelieveldt, Boudewijn P. F., McInnes, Leland, Nabney, Ian T., Noichl, Maximilian, Poličar, Pavlin G., Rieck, Bastian, Wolf, Guy, Mishne, Gal, Kobak, Dmitry
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15929
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author de Bodt, Cyril
Diaz-Papkovich, Alex
Bleher, Michael
Bunte, Kerstin
Coupette, Corinna
Damrich, Sebastian
Sanmartin, Enrique Fita
Hamprecht, Fred A.
Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes
Kohli, Dhruv
Krishnaswamy, Smita
Lee, John A.
Lelieveldt, Boudewijn P. F.
McInnes, Leland
Nabney, Ian T.
Noichl, Maximilian
Poličar, Pavlin G.
Rieck, Bastian
Wolf, Guy
Mishne, Gal
Kobak, Dmitry
author_facet de Bodt, Cyril
Diaz-Papkovich, Alex
Bleher, Michael
Bunte, Kerstin
Coupette, Corinna
Damrich, Sebastian
Sanmartin, Enrique Fita
Hamprecht, Fred A.
Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes
Kohli, Dhruv
Krishnaswamy, Smita
Lee, John A.
Lelieveldt, Boudewijn P. F.
McInnes, Leland
Nabney, Ian T.
Noichl, Maximilian
Poličar, Pavlin G.
Rieck, Bastian
Wolf, Guy
Mishne, Gal
Kobak, Dmitry
contents Large collections of high-dimensional data have become nearly ubiquitous across many academic fields and application domains, ranging from biology to the humanities. Since working directly with high-dimensional data poses challenges, the demand for algorithms that create low-dimensional representations, or embeddings, for data visualization, exploration, and analysis is now greater than ever. In recent years, numerous embedding algorithms have been developed, and their usage has become widespread in research and industry. This surge of interest has resulted in a large and fragmented research field that faces technical challenges alongside fundamental debates, and it has left practitioners without clear guidance on how to effectively employ existing methods. Aiming to increase coherence and facilitate future work, in this review we provide a detailed and critical overview of recent developments, derive a list of best practices for creating and using low-dimensional embeddings, evaluate popular approaches on a variety of datasets, and discuss the remaining challenges and open problems in the field.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_15929
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Low-dimensional embeddings of high-dimensional data
de Bodt, Cyril
Diaz-Papkovich, Alex
Bleher, Michael
Bunte, Kerstin
Coupette, Corinna
Damrich, Sebastian
Sanmartin, Enrique Fita
Hamprecht, Fred A.
Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes
Kohli, Dhruv
Krishnaswamy, Smita
Lee, John A.
Lelieveldt, Boudewijn P. F.
McInnes, Leland
Nabney, Ian T.
Noichl, Maximilian
Poličar, Pavlin G.
Rieck, Bastian
Wolf, Guy
Mishne, Gal
Kobak, Dmitry
Machine Learning
Large collections of high-dimensional data have become nearly ubiquitous across many academic fields and application domains, ranging from biology to the humanities. Since working directly with high-dimensional data poses challenges, the demand for algorithms that create low-dimensional representations, or embeddings, for data visualization, exploration, and analysis is now greater than ever. In recent years, numerous embedding algorithms have been developed, and their usage has become widespread in research and industry. This surge of interest has resulted in a large and fragmented research field that faces technical challenges alongside fundamental debates, and it has left practitioners without clear guidance on how to effectively employ existing methods. Aiming to increase coherence and facilitate future work, in this review we provide a detailed and critical overview of recent developments, derive a list of best practices for creating and using low-dimensional embeddings, evaluate popular approaches on a variety of datasets, and discuss the remaining challenges and open problems in the field.
title Low-dimensional embeddings of high-dimensional data
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15929