A Heuristic Framework of Variable Neighborhood Descent Methods for the Large-Scale Multi-Level Facility Location Problem in Supply Chain Networks

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Wang, Haibo, Alidaee, Bahram
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Wang, Haibo
Alidaee, Bahram
author_facet Wang, Haibo
Alidaee, Bahram
contents This paper addresses the single-assignment, uncapacitated, multi-level facility location (MFL) problem, a strategic decision-making process critical to the design of long-term supply chain networks. Specifically, we examine four- and five-level facility location structures (k-LFL), modeled as a location-allocation problem where demand nodes must be assigned to open facilities across hierarchical levels. Although the MFL has been addressed in the literature, solutions to large-scale, realistic problems involving thousands of nodes are lacking. This paper proposes a heuristic framework based on the Variable Neighborhood Descent (VND) metaheuristic with a multi-start strategy. We develop and compare four variants: Basic Variable Neighborhood Descent (BVND), Pipe Variable Neighborhood Descent (PVND), Cyclic Variable Neighborhood Descent (CVND), and Union Variable Neighborhood Descent (UVND). In each case, a multi-start strategy with strong diversification components is employed. Extensive computational experiments compare the methods on large-scale instances involving up to 10,000 customers, 150 distribution centers, 50 warehouses, and 30 plants. Each algorithm settled into a unique, statistically significant computational time when solving these problems. Sensitivity analyses, supported by non-parametric statistical methods, validate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic framework.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_15954
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Heuristic Framework of Variable Neighborhood Descent Methods for the Large-Scale Multi-Level Facility Location Problem in Supply Chain Networks
Wang, Haibo
Alidaee, Bahram
Optimization and Control
Applications
This paper addresses the single-assignment, uncapacitated, multi-level facility location (MFL) problem, a strategic decision-making process critical to the design of long-term supply chain networks. Specifically, we examine four- and five-level facility location structures (k-LFL), modeled as a location-allocation problem where demand nodes must be assigned to open facilities across hierarchical levels. Although the MFL has been addressed in the literature, solutions to large-scale, realistic problems involving thousands of nodes are lacking. This paper proposes a heuristic framework based on the Variable Neighborhood Descent (VND) metaheuristic with a multi-start strategy. We develop and compare four variants: Basic Variable Neighborhood Descent (BVND), Pipe Variable Neighborhood Descent (PVND), Cyclic Variable Neighborhood Descent (CVND), and Union Variable Neighborhood Descent (UVND). In each case, a multi-start strategy with strong diversification components is employed. Extensive computational experiments compare the methods on large-scale instances involving up to 10,000 customers, 150 distribution centers, 50 warehouses, and 30 plants. Each algorithm settled into a unique, statistically significant computational time when solving these problems. Sensitivity analyses, supported by non-parametric statistical methods, validate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic framework.
title A Heuristic Framework of Variable Neighborhood Descent Methods for the Large-Scale Multi-Level Facility Location Problem in Supply Chain Networks
topic Optimization and Control
Applications
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15954