Natural Language Satisfiability: Exploring the Problem Distribution and Evaluating Transformer-based Language Models

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Hauptverfasser: Madusanka, Tharindu, Pratt-Hartmann, Ian, Batista-Navarro, Riza
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Madusanka, Tharindu
Pratt-Hartmann, Ian
Batista-Navarro, Riza
author_facet Madusanka, Tharindu
Pratt-Hartmann, Ian
Batista-Navarro, Riza
contents Efforts to apply transformer-based language models (TLMs) to the problem of reasoning in natural language have enjoyed ever-increasing success in recent years. The most fundamental task in this area to which nearly all others can be reduced is that of determining satisfiability. However, from a logical point of view, satisfiability problems vary along various dimensions, which may affect TLMs' ability to learn how to solve them. The problem instances of satisfiability in natural language can belong to different computational complexity classes depending on the language fragment in which they are expressed. Although prior research has explored the problem of natural language satisfiability, the above-mentioned point has not been discussed adequately. Hence, we investigate how problem instances from varying computational complexity classes and having different grammatical constructs impact TLMs' ability to learn rules of inference. Furthermore, to faithfully evaluate TLMs, we conduct an empirical study to explore the distribution of satisfiability problems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_17153
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Natural Language Satisfiability: Exploring the Problem Distribution and Evaluating Transformer-based Language Models
Madusanka, Tharindu
Pratt-Hartmann, Ian
Batista-Navarro, Riza
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Efforts to apply transformer-based language models (TLMs) to the problem of reasoning in natural language have enjoyed ever-increasing success in recent years. The most fundamental task in this area to which nearly all others can be reduced is that of determining satisfiability. However, from a logical point of view, satisfiability problems vary along various dimensions, which may affect TLMs' ability to learn how to solve them. The problem instances of satisfiability in natural language can belong to different computational complexity classes depending on the language fragment in which they are expressed. Although prior research has explored the problem of natural language satisfiability, the above-mentioned point has not been discussed adequately. Hence, we investigate how problem instances from varying computational complexity classes and having different grammatical constructs impact TLMs' ability to learn rules of inference. Furthermore, to faithfully evaluate TLMs, we conduct an empirical study to explore the distribution of satisfiability problems.
title Natural Language Satisfiability: Exploring the Problem Distribution and Evaluating Transformer-based Language Models
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17153