Euclid: A machine-learning search for dual and lensed AGN at sub-arcsec separations
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2025
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| author | Ulivi, L. Mannucci, F. Scialpi, M. Marconcini, C. Cresci, G. Marconi, A. Feltre, A. Ginolfi, M. Ricci, F. Sluse, D. Belfiore, F. Bertola, E. Bracci, C. Cataldi, E. Ceci, M. D'Amato, Q. Lamperti, I. Metcalf, R. B. Moreschini, B. Perna, M. Tozzi, G. Venturi, G. Zanchettin, M. V. Fu, Y. Huertas-Company, M. Lines, N. E. P. Mezcua, M. Pöntinen, M. Rojas, K. Scottez, V. Siudek, M. Teimoorinia, H. Andika, I. T. Barroso, J. A. Acevedo Clément, B. Courbin, F. Gavazzi, R. Ecker, L. R. Nagam, B. C. Pearce-Casey, R. Schuldt, S. Vincken, S. H. Stern, D. Chakraborty, A. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dolding, C. Dole, H. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Fabricius, M. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Finelli, F. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grazian, A. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Joachimi, B. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. J. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Melchior, M. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Pires, S. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schirmer, M. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Tessore, N. Toft, S. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valentijn, E. A. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Nucita, A. A. |
| author_facet | Ulivi, L. Mannucci, F. Scialpi, M. Marconcini, C. Cresci, G. Marconi, A. Feltre, A. Ginolfi, M. Ricci, F. Sluse, D. Belfiore, F. Bertola, E. Bracci, C. Cataldi, E. Ceci, M. D'Amato, Q. Lamperti, I. Metcalf, R. B. Moreschini, B. Perna, M. Tozzi, G. Venturi, G. Zanchettin, M. V. Fu, Y. Huertas-Company, M. Lines, N. E. P. Mezcua, M. Pöntinen, M. Rojas, K. Scottez, V. Siudek, M. Teimoorinia, H. Andika, I. T. Barroso, J. A. Acevedo Clément, B. Courbin, F. Gavazzi, R. Ecker, L. R. Nagam, B. C. Pearce-Casey, R. Schuldt, S. Vincken, S. H. Stern, D. Chakraborty, A. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dolding, C. Dole, H. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Fabricius, M. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Finelli, F. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grazian, A. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Joachimi, B. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. J. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Melchior, M. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Pires, S. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schirmer, M. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Tessore, N. Toft, S. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valentijn, E. A. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Nucita, A. A. |
| contents | Cosmological models of hierarchical structure formation predict the existence of a widespread population of dual accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on kpc-scale separations, corresponding to projected distances < 0".8 at redshifts higher than 0.5. However, close companions to known active galactic nuclei (AGN) or quasars (QSOs) can also be multiple images of the object itself, strongly lensed by a foreground galaxy, as well as foreground stars in a chance superposition. Thanks to its large sky coverage, sensitivity, and high spatial resolution, Euclid offers a unique opportunity to obtain a large, homogeneous sample of dual/lensed AGN candidates with sub-arcsec projected separations. Here we present a machine learning approach, in particular a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to identify close companions to known QSOs down to separations of $\sim\,$0".15 comparable to the Euclid VIS point spread function (PSF). We studied the effectiveness of the CNN in identifying dual AGN and demonstrated that it outperforms traditional techniques. Applying our CNN to a sample of $\sim\,$6000 QSOs from the Q1 Euclid data release, we find a fraction of about 0.25% dual AGN candidates with separation $\sim\,$0".4 (corresponding to $\sim$3 kpc at z=1). Estimating the foreground contamination from stellar objects, we find that most of the pair candidates with separation higher than 0".5 are likely contaminants, while below this limit, contamination is expected to be less than 20%. For objects at higher separation (>0".5, i.e. 4 kpc at z=1), we performed PSF subtraction and used colour-colour diagrams to constrain their nature. We present a first set of dual/lensed AGN candidates detected in the Q1 Euclid data, providing a starting point for the analysis of future data releases. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_19494 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Euclid: A machine-learning search for dual and lensed AGN at sub-arcsec separations Ulivi, L. Mannucci, F. Scialpi, M. Marconcini, C. Cresci, G. Marconi, A. Feltre, A. Ginolfi, M. Ricci, F. Sluse, D. Belfiore, F. Bertola, E. Bracci, C. Cataldi, E. Ceci, M. D'Amato, Q. Lamperti, I. Metcalf, R. B. Moreschini, B. Perna, M. Tozzi, G. Venturi, G. Zanchettin, M. V. Fu, Y. Huertas-Company, M. Lines, N. E. P. Mezcua, M. Pöntinen, M. Rojas, K. Scottez, V. Siudek, M. Teimoorinia, H. Andika, I. T. Barroso, J. A. Acevedo Clément, B. Courbin, F. Gavazzi, R. Ecker, L. R. Nagam, B. C. Pearce-Casey, R. Schuldt, S. Vincken, S. H. Stern, D. Chakraborty, A. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dolding, C. Dole, H. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Fabricius, M. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Finelli, F. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grazian, A. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Joachimi, B. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. J. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Melchior, M. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Pires, S. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schirmer, M. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Tessore, N. Toft, S. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valentijn, E. A. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Nucita, A. A. Astrophysics of Galaxies Cosmological models of hierarchical structure formation predict the existence of a widespread population of dual accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on kpc-scale separations, corresponding to projected distances < 0".8 at redshifts higher than 0.5. However, close companions to known active galactic nuclei (AGN) or quasars (QSOs) can also be multiple images of the object itself, strongly lensed by a foreground galaxy, as well as foreground stars in a chance superposition. Thanks to its large sky coverage, sensitivity, and high spatial resolution, Euclid offers a unique opportunity to obtain a large, homogeneous sample of dual/lensed AGN candidates with sub-arcsec projected separations. Here we present a machine learning approach, in particular a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to identify close companions to known QSOs down to separations of $\sim\,$0".15 comparable to the Euclid VIS point spread function (PSF). We studied the effectiveness of the CNN in identifying dual AGN and demonstrated that it outperforms traditional techniques. Applying our CNN to a sample of $\sim\,$6000 QSOs from the Q1 Euclid data release, we find a fraction of about 0.25% dual AGN candidates with separation $\sim\,$0".4 (corresponding to $\sim$3 kpc at z=1). Estimating the foreground contamination from stellar objects, we find that most of the pair candidates with separation higher than 0".5 are likely contaminants, while below this limit, contamination is expected to be less than 20%. For objects at higher separation (>0".5, i.e. 4 kpc at z=1), we performed PSF subtraction and used colour-colour diagrams to constrain their nature. We present a first set of dual/lensed AGN candidates detected in the Q1 Euclid data, providing a starting point for the analysis of future data releases. |
| title | Euclid: A machine-learning search for dual and lensed AGN at sub-arcsec separations |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.19494 |