Discrete Diffusion VLA: Bringing Discrete Diffusion to Action Decoding in Vision-Language-Action Policies

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Main Authors: Liang, Zhixuan, Li, Yizhuo, Yang, Tianshuo, Wu, Chengyue, Mao, Sitong, Pei, Liuao, Nian, Tian, Zhou, Shunbo, Yang, Xiaokang, Pang, Jiangmiao, Mu, Yao, Luo, Ping
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Liang, Zhixuan
Li, Yizhuo
Yang, Tianshuo
Wu, Chengyue
Mao, Sitong
Pei, Liuao
Nian, Tian
Zhou, Shunbo
Yang, Xiaokang
Pang, Jiangmiao
Mu, Yao
Luo, Ping
author_facet Liang, Zhixuan
Li, Yizhuo
Yang, Tianshuo
Wu, Chengyue
Mao, Sitong
Pei, Liuao
Nian, Tian
Zhou, Shunbo
Yang, Xiaokang
Pang, Jiangmiao
Mu, Yao
Luo, Ping
contents Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models adapt large vision-language backbones to map images and instructions into robot actions. However, prevailing VLAs either generate actions autoregressively in a fixed left-to-right order with poor performance or attach separate diffusion heads outside the backbone that fragments information pathways and hinders unified, scalable architectures. Instead, we present Discrete Diffusion VLA that discretizes action chunks and models them with discrete diffusion pattern retaining progressive refinement inside the unified transformer backbone. Our method achieves an adaptive decoding order that resolves high-confidence action elements before harder ones and employs secondary re-masking to revisit uncertain predictions, enabling robust error correction. This design preserves pretrained vision-language priors, supports parallel decoding, and improves the efficiency. Discrete Diffusion VLA achieves 96.4% avg. success on LIBERO, 71.2% visual matching on SimplerEnv-Fractal, and 54.2% overall on SimplerEnv-Bridge. On out-of-distribution tests of LIBERO-Goal, our method exhibits only 0.8% language degradation versus 8.0% of parallel decoding, and 20.4% vision degradation versus 29.0% for continuous diffusion, demonstrating well retention of pretrained vision-language capabilities. We also conduct two real-robot evaluations on AgileX Cobot Magic platform to show the method's effectiveness.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_20072
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Discrete Diffusion VLA: Bringing Discrete Diffusion to Action Decoding in Vision-Language-Action Policies
Liang, Zhixuan
Li, Yizhuo
Yang, Tianshuo
Wu, Chengyue
Mao, Sitong
Pei, Liuao
Nian, Tian
Zhou, Shunbo
Yang, Xiaokang
Pang, Jiangmiao
Mu, Yao
Luo, Ping
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
Robotics
Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models adapt large vision-language backbones to map images and instructions into robot actions. However, prevailing VLAs either generate actions autoregressively in a fixed left-to-right order with poor performance or attach separate diffusion heads outside the backbone that fragments information pathways and hinders unified, scalable architectures. Instead, we present Discrete Diffusion VLA that discretizes action chunks and models them with discrete diffusion pattern retaining progressive refinement inside the unified transformer backbone. Our method achieves an adaptive decoding order that resolves high-confidence action elements before harder ones and employs secondary re-masking to revisit uncertain predictions, enabling robust error correction. This design preserves pretrained vision-language priors, supports parallel decoding, and improves the efficiency. Discrete Diffusion VLA achieves 96.4% avg. success on LIBERO, 71.2% visual matching on SimplerEnv-Fractal, and 54.2% overall on SimplerEnv-Bridge. On out-of-distribution tests of LIBERO-Goal, our method exhibits only 0.8% language degradation versus 8.0% of parallel decoding, and 20.4% vision degradation versus 29.0% for continuous diffusion, demonstrating well retention of pretrained vision-language capabilities. We also conduct two real-robot evaluations on AgileX Cobot Magic platform to show the method's effectiveness.
title Discrete Diffusion VLA: Bringing Discrete Diffusion to Action Decoding in Vision-Language-Action Policies
topic Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Machine Learning
Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.20072