The COLIBRE project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution

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Main Authors: Schaye, Joop, Chaikin, Evgenii, Schaller, Matthieu, Ploeckinger, Sylvia, Huško, Filip, McGibbon, Rob, Trayford, James W., Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro, Correa, Camila, Frenk, Carlos S., Richings, Alexander J., Moreno, Victor J. Forouhar, Bahé, Yannick M., Borrow, Josh, Durrant, Anna, Gebek, Andrea, Helly, John C., Jenkins, Adrian, Lacey, Cedric G., Ludlow, Aaron, Nobels, Folkert S. J.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Schaye, Joop
Chaikin, Evgenii
Schaller, Matthieu
Ploeckinger, Sylvia
Huško, Filip
McGibbon, Rob
Trayford, James W.
Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro
Correa, Camila
Frenk, Carlos S.
Richings, Alexander J.
Moreno, Victor J. Forouhar
Bahé, Yannick M.
Borrow, Josh
Durrant, Anna
Gebek, Andrea
Helly, John C.
Jenkins, Adrian
Lacey, Cedric G.
Ludlow, Aaron
Nobels, Folkert S. J.
author_facet Schaye, Joop
Chaikin, Evgenii
Schaller, Matthieu
Ploeckinger, Sylvia
Huško, Filip
McGibbon, Rob
Trayford, James W.
Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro
Correa, Camila
Frenk, Carlos S.
Richings, Alexander J.
Moreno, Victor J. Forouhar
Bahé, Yannick M.
Borrow, Josh
Durrant, Anna
Gebek, Andrea
Helly, John C.
Jenkins, Adrian
Lacey, Cedric G.
Ludlow, Aaron
Nobels, Folkert S. J.
contents We present the COLIBRE galaxy formation model and the COLIBRE suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. COLIBRE includes new models for radiative cooling, dust grains, star formation, stellar mass loss, turbulent diffusion, pre-supernova stellar feedback, supernova feedback, supermassive black holes and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The multiphase interstellar medium is explicitly modelled without a pressure floor. Hydrogen and helium are tracked in non-equilibrium, with their contributions to the free electron density included in metal-line cooling calculations. The chemical network is coupled to a dust model that tracks three grain species and two grain sizes. In addition to the fiducial thermally-driven AGN feedback, a subset of simulations uses black hole spin-dependent hybrid jet/thermal AGN feedback. To suppress spurious transfer of energy from dark matter to stars, dark matter is supersampled by a factor 4, yielding similar dark matter and baryonic particle masses. The subgrid feedback model is calibrated to match the observed $z \approx 0$ galaxy stellar mass function, galaxy sizes, and black hole masses in massive galaxies. The COLIBRE suite includes three resolutions, with particle masses of $\sim 10^5$, $10^6$, and $10^7\,\text{M}_\odot$ in cubic volumes of up to 100, 200, and 400 cMpc on a side, respectively. The largest runs use 136 billion ($5 \times 3008^3$) particles. We describe the model, assess its strengths and limitations, and present both visual impressions and quantitative results. Comparisons with various low-redshift galaxy observations generally show very good numerical convergence and excellent agreement with the data.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_21126
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The COLIBRE project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution
Schaye, Joop
Chaikin, Evgenii
Schaller, Matthieu
Ploeckinger, Sylvia
Huško, Filip
McGibbon, Rob
Trayford, James W.
Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro
Correa, Camila
Frenk, Carlos S.
Richings, Alexander J.
Moreno, Victor J. Forouhar
Bahé, Yannick M.
Borrow, Josh
Durrant, Anna
Gebek, Andrea
Helly, John C.
Jenkins, Adrian
Lacey, Cedric G.
Ludlow, Aaron
Nobels, Folkert S. J.
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
We present the COLIBRE galaxy formation model and the COLIBRE suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. COLIBRE includes new models for radiative cooling, dust grains, star formation, stellar mass loss, turbulent diffusion, pre-supernova stellar feedback, supernova feedback, supermassive black holes and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The multiphase interstellar medium is explicitly modelled without a pressure floor. Hydrogen and helium are tracked in non-equilibrium, with their contributions to the free electron density included in metal-line cooling calculations. The chemical network is coupled to a dust model that tracks three grain species and two grain sizes. In addition to the fiducial thermally-driven AGN feedback, a subset of simulations uses black hole spin-dependent hybrid jet/thermal AGN feedback. To suppress spurious transfer of energy from dark matter to stars, dark matter is supersampled by a factor 4, yielding similar dark matter and baryonic particle masses. The subgrid feedback model is calibrated to match the observed $z \approx 0$ galaxy stellar mass function, galaxy sizes, and black hole masses in massive galaxies. The COLIBRE suite includes three resolutions, with particle masses of $\sim 10^5$, $10^6$, and $10^7\,\text{M}_\odot$ in cubic volumes of up to 100, 200, and 400 cMpc on a side, respectively. The largest runs use 136 billion ($5 \times 3008^3$) particles. We describe the model, assess its strengths and limitations, and present both visual impressions and quantitative results. Comparisons with various low-redshift galaxy observations generally show very good numerical convergence and excellent agreement with the data.
title The COLIBRE project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21126