Atmospheric composition and circulation of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b with joint NIRPS, HARPS and CRIRES+ transit spectroscopy
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2025
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| author | Vaulato, Valentina Hobson, Melissa J. Allart, Romain Pelletier, Stefan Wardenier, Joost P. Chakraborty, Hritam Ehrenreich, David Nari, Nicola Steiner, Michal Dumusque, Xavier Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Akinsanmi, Babatunde Borsato, Nicholas W. Cadieux, Charles Carteret, Yann Silva, Ana Rita Costa Cristo, Eduardo A. S. Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Gromek, Nicole Lendl, Monika Prinoth, Bibiana Psaridi, Angelica Stefanov, Atanas K. Thorsbro, Brian Weisserman, Drew |
| author_facet | Vaulato, Valentina Hobson, Melissa J. Allart, Romain Pelletier, Stefan Wardenier, Joost P. Chakraborty, Hritam Ehrenreich, David Nari, Nicola Steiner, Michal Dumusque, Xavier Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Akinsanmi, Babatunde Borsato, Nicholas W. Cadieux, Charles Carteret, Yann Silva, Ana Rita Costa Cristo, Eduardo A. S. Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Gromek, Nicole Lendl, Monika Prinoth, Bibiana Psaridi, Angelica Stefanov, Atanas K. Thorsbro, Brian Weisserman, Drew |
| contents | Ultra-hot Jupiters like WASP-121b provide unique laboratories for studying atmospheric chemistry and dynamics under extreme irradiation. Constraining their composition and circulation is key to tracing planet formation pathways. We present a comprehensive characterisation of WASP-121b using high-resolution transit spectroscopy from HARPS, NIRPS, and CRIRES+ across nine transits, complemented by five TESS sectors, two EulerCam light curves simultaneous with HARPS/NIRPS, and an extensive RV dataset refining orbital parameters. Cross-correlation detects Fe, CO, and V with SNRs of 5.8, 5.0, and 4.7, respectively. Retrieval analysis constrains H$_2$O to $-6.52^{+0.49}_{-0.68}$ dex, though its signal might be muted by the H$^-$ continuum. We measure volatile/refractory ratios, key to uncover planetary chemistry, evolution, and formation. Retrieved values align with solar composition in chemical equilibrium, suggesting minimal disequilibrium chemistry at the probed pressures (around $10^{-4}$-$10^{-3}$ bar). We update WASP-121b's orbital parameters analysing its largest RV dataset to date. Comparing orbital velocities from RVs and atmospheric retrieval reveals a non-zero circulation offset, $\mathrm{ΔK}_{\mathrm{p}} = -15 \pm 3 \ \mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ (assuming $\mathrm{M}_{\star} = 1.38 \pm 0.02 \ \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$), consistent with drag-free or weak-drag 3D GCM predictions, though sensitive to stellar mass. These results provide new constraints on WASP-121b's thermal structure, dynamics, and chemistry, underscoring the power of multi-instrument and multi-wavelength high-resolution spectroscopy to probe exoplanet atmospheres. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_00151 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Atmospheric composition and circulation of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b with joint NIRPS, HARPS and CRIRES+ transit spectroscopy Vaulato, Valentina Hobson, Melissa J. Allart, Romain Pelletier, Stefan Wardenier, Joost P. Chakraborty, Hritam Ehrenreich, David Nari, Nicola Steiner, Michal Dumusque, Xavier Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delfosse, Xavier Delgado-Mena, Elisa Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Akinsanmi, Babatunde Borsato, Nicholas W. Cadieux, Charles Carteret, Yann Silva, Ana Rita Costa Cristo, Eduardo A. S. Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Gromek, Nicole Lendl, Monika Prinoth, Bibiana Psaridi, Angelica Stefanov, Atanas K. Thorsbro, Brian Weisserman, Drew Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Ultra-hot Jupiters like WASP-121b provide unique laboratories for studying atmospheric chemistry and dynamics under extreme irradiation. Constraining their composition and circulation is key to tracing planet formation pathways. We present a comprehensive characterisation of WASP-121b using high-resolution transit spectroscopy from HARPS, NIRPS, and CRIRES+ across nine transits, complemented by five TESS sectors, two EulerCam light curves simultaneous with HARPS/NIRPS, and an extensive RV dataset refining orbital parameters. Cross-correlation detects Fe, CO, and V with SNRs of 5.8, 5.0, and 4.7, respectively. Retrieval analysis constrains H$_2$O to $-6.52^{+0.49}_{-0.68}$ dex, though its signal might be muted by the H$^-$ continuum. We measure volatile/refractory ratios, key to uncover planetary chemistry, evolution, and formation. Retrieved values align with solar composition in chemical equilibrium, suggesting minimal disequilibrium chemistry at the probed pressures (around $10^{-4}$-$10^{-3}$ bar). We update WASP-121b's orbital parameters analysing its largest RV dataset to date. Comparing orbital velocities from RVs and atmospheric retrieval reveals a non-zero circulation offset, $\mathrm{ΔK}_{\mathrm{p}} = -15 \pm 3 \ \mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ (assuming $\mathrm{M}_{\star} = 1.38 \pm 0.02 \ \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$), consistent with drag-free or weak-drag 3D GCM predictions, though sensitive to stellar mass. These results provide new constraints on WASP-121b's thermal structure, dynamics, and chemistry, underscoring the power of multi-instrument and multi-wavelength high-resolution spectroscopy to probe exoplanet atmospheres. |
| title | Atmospheric composition and circulation of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b with joint NIRPS, HARPS and CRIRES+ transit spectroscopy |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00151 |