Degree-similar graphs and cospectral graphs

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Fan, Yi-Zheng, Xing, Ruo-Jie, Zhang, Yi-Liu, Wang, Wei
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Fan, Yi-Zheng
Xing, Ruo-Jie
Zhang, Yi-Liu
Wang, Wei
author_facet Fan, Yi-Zheng
Xing, Ruo-Jie
Zhang, Yi-Liu
Wang, Wei
contents Let $G$ be a graph with adjacency matrix $A(G)$ and degree matrix $D(G)$, and let $L_μ(G):=A(G)-μD(G)$. Two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ are called \emph{degree-similar} if there exists an invertible matrix $M$ such that $M^{-1} A(G_1) M =A(G_2)$ and $M^{-1} D(G_1) M =D(G_2)$. In this paper, we address three problems concerning degree-similar graphs proposed by Godsil and Sun. First, we present a new characterization of degree-similar graphs using degree partition, from which we derive methods and examples for constructing cospectral graphs and degree-similar graphs. Second, we construct infinite pairs of non-degree-similar trees $G_1$ and $G_2$ such that $tI- L_μ(G_1)$ and $tI-L_μ(G_2)$ have the same Smith normal form over $\Q(μ)[t]$, which provides a negative answer to a problem posed by Godsil and Sun. Third, we establish several invariants of degree-similar graphs and obtain results on unicyclic graphs that are degree-similar determined. Lastly we prove that for a strongly regular graph $G$ and any two edges $e$ and $f$ of $G$, $G \backslash e$ and $G \backslash f$ have identical $μ$-polynomial, i.e., $\det(tI-L_μ(G \backslash e))=\det(tI-L_μ(G \backslash f))$, which enables the construction of pairs of non-isomorphic graphs with same $μ$-polynomial, where $G \backslash e$ denotes the graph obtained from $G$ by deleting the edge $e$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_01520
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Degree-similar graphs and cospectral graphs
Fan, Yi-Zheng
Xing, Ruo-Jie
Zhang, Yi-Liu
Wang, Wei
Combinatorics
05C50
Let $G$ be a graph with adjacency matrix $A(G)$ and degree matrix $D(G)$, and let $L_μ(G):=A(G)-μD(G)$. Two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ are called \emph{degree-similar} if there exists an invertible matrix $M$ such that $M^{-1} A(G_1) M =A(G_2)$ and $M^{-1} D(G_1) M =D(G_2)$. In this paper, we address three problems concerning degree-similar graphs proposed by Godsil and Sun. First, we present a new characterization of degree-similar graphs using degree partition, from which we derive methods and examples for constructing cospectral graphs and degree-similar graphs. Second, we construct infinite pairs of non-degree-similar trees $G_1$ and $G_2$ such that $tI- L_μ(G_1)$ and $tI-L_μ(G_2)$ have the same Smith normal form over $\Q(μ)[t]$, which provides a negative answer to a problem posed by Godsil and Sun. Third, we establish several invariants of degree-similar graphs and obtain results on unicyclic graphs that are degree-similar determined. Lastly we prove that for a strongly regular graph $G$ and any two edges $e$ and $f$ of $G$, $G \backslash e$ and $G \backslash f$ have identical $μ$-polynomial, i.e., $\det(tI-L_μ(G \backslash e))=\det(tI-L_μ(G \backslash f))$, which enables the construction of pairs of non-isomorphic graphs with same $μ$-polynomial, where $G \backslash e$ denotes the graph obtained from $G$ by deleting the edge $e$.
title Degree-similar graphs and cospectral graphs
topic Combinatorics
05C50
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.01520