Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index

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Hauptverfasser: Stefanov, A. K., Hernández, J. I. González, Mascareño, A. Suárez, Rebolo, R., Nari, N., Mestre, J. M., Sousa, S. G., Tabernero, H. M., Osorio, M. -R. Zapatero, Figueira, P., Faria, J. P., Hobson, M. J., Silva, A. M., Castro-González, A., Santos, N. C., Sozzetti, A., Pepe, F., Cristiani, S., Lavie, B., Martins, C. J. A. P.
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Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Stefanov, A. K.
Hernández, J. I. González
Mascareño, A. Suárez
Rebolo, R.
Nari, N.
Mestre, J. M.
Sousa, S. G.
Tabernero, H. M.
Osorio, M. -R. Zapatero
Figueira, P.
Faria, J. P.
Hobson, M. J.
Silva, A. M.
Castro-González, A.
Santos, N. C.
Sozzetti, A.
Pepe, F.
Cristiani, S.
Lavie, B.
Martins, C. J. A. P.
author_facet Stefanov, A. K.
Hernández, J. I. González
Mascareño, A. Suárez
Rebolo, R.
Nari, N.
Mestre, J. M.
Sousa, S. G.
Tabernero, H. M.
Osorio, M. -R. Zapatero
Figueira, P.
Faria, J. P.
Hobson, M. J.
Silva, A. M.
Castro-González, A.
Santos, N. C.
Sozzetti, A.
Pepe, F.
Cristiani, S.
Lavie, B.
Martins, C. J. A. P.
contents M dwarfs are the most abundant stars in the Galaxy, and their low masses make them natural favourites for exoplanet radial-velocity (RV) searches. Nevertheless, these stars often demonstrate strong stellar activity that is yet to be fully understood. We use high-precision ESPRESSO, HIRES, and HARPS spectroscopy to perform a stellar-activity analysis on the nearby early M dwarf GJ 526 ($d=5.4$ pc). We carry out joint modelling of: (i) stellar rotation in RV, FWHM, and Mount Wilson S-index through Gaussian processes, (ii) long-term trends in these three physical quantities, (iii) RV planetary signals. We constrain the stellar-rotation period to $P_\text{rot}=48.7\pm 0.3$ d, and discover a weak sinusoidal signature in RV, FWHM and S-index of period $P_\text{cyc}=1680^{+50}_{-40}$ d. We propose phase-space trajectories between RV and activity indicators as a novel means to visualise and interpret stellar activity. Current evidence does not support planetary companions of GJ 526.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_03276
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
Stefanov, A. K.
Hernández, J. I. González
Mascareño, A. Suárez
Rebolo, R.
Nari, N.
Mestre, J. M.
Sousa, S. G.
Tabernero, H. M.
Osorio, M. -R. Zapatero
Figueira, P.
Faria, J. P.
Hobson, M. J.
Silva, A. M.
Castro-González, A.
Santos, N. C.
Sozzetti, A.
Pepe, F.
Cristiani, S.
Lavie, B.
Martins, C. J. A. P.
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
M dwarfs are the most abundant stars in the Galaxy, and their low masses make them natural favourites for exoplanet radial-velocity (RV) searches. Nevertheless, these stars often demonstrate strong stellar activity that is yet to be fully understood. We use high-precision ESPRESSO, HIRES, and HARPS spectroscopy to perform a stellar-activity analysis on the nearby early M dwarf GJ 526 ($d=5.4$ pc). We carry out joint modelling of: (i) stellar rotation in RV, FWHM, and Mount Wilson S-index through Gaussian processes, (ii) long-term trends in these three physical quantities, (iii) RV planetary signals. We constrain the stellar-rotation period to $P_\text{rot}=48.7\pm 0.3$ d, and discover a weak sinusoidal signature in RV, FWHM and S-index of period $P_\text{cyc}=1680^{+50}_{-40}$ d. We propose phase-space trajectories between RV and activity indicators as a novel means to visualise and interpret stellar activity. Current evidence does not support planetary companions of GJ 526.
title Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
topic Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03276