Painting the market: generative diffusion models for financial limit order book simulation and forecasting

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Backhouse, Alfred, Li, Kang, Foerster, Jakob, Calinescu, Anisoara, Zohren, Stefan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Backhouse, Alfred
Li, Kang
Foerster, Jakob
Calinescu, Anisoara
Zohren, Stefan
author_facet Backhouse, Alfred
Li, Kang
Foerster, Jakob
Calinescu, Anisoara
Zohren, Stefan
contents Simulating limit order books (LOBs) has important applications across forecasting and backtesting for financial market data. However, deep generative models struggle in this context due to the high noise and complexity of the data. Previous work uses autoregressive models, although these experience error accumulation over longer-time sequences. We introduce a novel approach, converting LOB data into a structured image format, and applying diffusion models with inpainting to generate future LOB states. This method leverages spatio-temporal inductive biases in the order book and enables parallel generation of long sequences overcoming issues with error accumulation. We also publicly contribute to LOB-Bench, the industry benchmark for LOB generative models, to allow fair comparison between models using Level-2 and Level-3 order book data (with or without message level data respectively). We show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on LOB-Bench, despite using lower fidelity data as input. We also show that our method prioritises coherent global structures over local, high-fidelity details, providing significant improvements over existing methods on certain metrics. Overall, our method lays a strong foundation for future research into generative diffusion approaches to LOB modelling.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_05107
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Painting the market: generative diffusion models for financial limit order book simulation and forecasting
Backhouse, Alfred
Li, Kang
Foerster, Jakob
Calinescu, Anisoara
Zohren, Stefan
Trading and Market Microstructure
Simulating limit order books (LOBs) has important applications across forecasting and backtesting for financial market data. However, deep generative models struggle in this context due to the high noise and complexity of the data. Previous work uses autoregressive models, although these experience error accumulation over longer-time sequences. We introduce a novel approach, converting LOB data into a structured image format, and applying diffusion models with inpainting to generate future LOB states. This method leverages spatio-temporal inductive biases in the order book and enables parallel generation of long sequences overcoming issues with error accumulation. We also publicly contribute to LOB-Bench, the industry benchmark for LOB generative models, to allow fair comparison between models using Level-2 and Level-3 order book data (with or without message level data respectively). We show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on LOB-Bench, despite using lower fidelity data as input. We also show that our method prioritises coherent global structures over local, high-fidelity details, providing significant improvements over existing methods on certain metrics. Overall, our method lays a strong foundation for future research into generative diffusion approaches to LOB modelling.
title Painting the market: generative diffusion models for financial limit order book simulation and forecasting
topic Trading and Market Microstructure
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05107