Dataset Ownership in the Era of Large Language Models

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Li, Kun, Wang, Cheng, Xu, Minghui, Zhang, Yue, Cheng, Xiuzhen
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Li, Kun
Wang, Cheng
Xu, Minghui
Zhang, Yue
Cheng, Xiuzhen
author_facet Li, Kun
Wang, Cheng
Xu, Minghui
Zhang, Yue
Cheng, Xiuzhen
contents As datasets become critical assets in modern machine learning systems, ensuring robust copyright protection has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional legal mechanisms often fail to address the technical complexities of digital data replication and unauthorized use, particularly in opaque or decentralized environments. This survey provides a comprehensive review of technical approaches for dataset copyright protection, systematically categorizing them into three main classes: non-intrusive methods, which detect unauthorized use without modifying data; minimally-intrusive methods, which embed lightweight, reversible changes to enable ownership verification; and maximally-intrusive methods, which apply aggressive data alterations, such as reversible adversarial examples, to enforce usage restrictions. We synthesize key techniques, analyze their strengths and limitations, and highlight open research challenges. This work offers an organized perspective on the current landscape and suggests future directions for developing unified, scalable, and ethically sound solutions to protect datasets in increasingly complex machine learning ecosystems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_05921
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Dataset Ownership in the Era of Large Language Models
Li, Kun
Wang, Cheng
Xu, Minghui
Zhang, Yue
Cheng, Xiuzhen
Cryptography and Security
As datasets become critical assets in modern machine learning systems, ensuring robust copyright protection has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional legal mechanisms often fail to address the technical complexities of digital data replication and unauthorized use, particularly in opaque or decentralized environments. This survey provides a comprehensive review of technical approaches for dataset copyright protection, systematically categorizing them into three main classes: non-intrusive methods, which detect unauthorized use without modifying data; minimally-intrusive methods, which embed lightweight, reversible changes to enable ownership verification; and maximally-intrusive methods, which apply aggressive data alterations, such as reversible adversarial examples, to enforce usage restrictions. We synthesize key techniques, analyze their strengths and limitations, and highlight open research challenges. This work offers an organized perspective on the current landscape and suggests future directions for developing unified, scalable, and ethically sound solutions to protect datasets in increasingly complex machine learning ecosystems.
title Dataset Ownership in the Era of Large Language Models
topic Cryptography and Security
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05921