Toward Quantum Utility in Finance: A Robust Data-Driven Algorithm for Asset Clustering

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Main Authors: Sharma, Shivam, Venkatesh, Supreeth Mysore, Kachroo, Pushkin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Sharma, Shivam
Venkatesh, Supreeth Mysore
Kachroo, Pushkin
author_facet Sharma, Shivam
Venkatesh, Supreeth Mysore
Kachroo, Pushkin
contents Clustering financial assets based on return correlations is a fundamental task in portfolio optimization and statistical arbitrage. However, classical clustering methods often fall short when dealing with signed correlation structures, typically requiring lossy transformations and heuristic assumptions such as a fixed number of clusters. In this work, we apply the Graph-based Coalition Structure Generation algorithm (GCS-Q) to directly cluster signed, weighted graphs without relying on such transformations. GCS-Q formulates each partitioning step as a QUBO problem, enabling it to leverage quantum annealing for efficient exploration of exponentially large solution spaces. We validate our approach on both synthetic and real-world financial data, benchmarking against state-of-the-art classical algorithms such as SPONGE and k-Medoids. Our experiments demonstrate that GCS-Q consistently achieves higher clustering quality, as measured by Adjusted Rand Index and structural balance penalties, while dynamically determining the number of clusters. These results highlight the practical utility of near-term quantum computing for graph-based unsupervised learning in financial applications.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_07766
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Toward Quantum Utility in Finance: A Robust Data-Driven Algorithm for Asset Clustering
Sharma, Shivam
Venkatesh, Supreeth Mysore
Kachroo, Pushkin
Quantum Physics
Machine Learning
05-08
F.4.1; F.2.2
Clustering financial assets based on return correlations is a fundamental task in portfolio optimization and statistical arbitrage. However, classical clustering methods often fall short when dealing with signed correlation structures, typically requiring lossy transformations and heuristic assumptions such as a fixed number of clusters. In this work, we apply the Graph-based Coalition Structure Generation algorithm (GCS-Q) to directly cluster signed, weighted graphs without relying on such transformations. GCS-Q formulates each partitioning step as a QUBO problem, enabling it to leverage quantum annealing for efficient exploration of exponentially large solution spaces. We validate our approach on both synthetic and real-world financial data, benchmarking against state-of-the-art classical algorithms such as SPONGE and k-Medoids. Our experiments demonstrate that GCS-Q consistently achieves higher clustering quality, as measured by Adjusted Rand Index and structural balance penalties, while dynamically determining the number of clusters. These results highlight the practical utility of near-term quantum computing for graph-based unsupervised learning in financial applications.
title Toward Quantum Utility in Finance: A Robust Data-Driven Algorithm for Asset Clustering
topic Quantum Physics
Machine Learning
05-08
F.4.1; F.2.2
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07766