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Main Authors: Meng, Yushan, Widdicombe, Bryce, Sun, Dechuan, Beckett, Paul, van Wijngaarden, Peter, Skafidas, Efstratios, Nirmalathas, Ampalavanapillai, Unnithan, Ranjith
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08518
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author Meng, Yushan
Widdicombe, Bryce
Sun, Dechuan
Beckett, Paul
van Wijngaarden, Peter
Skafidas, Efstratios
Nirmalathas, Ampalavanapillai
Unnithan, Ranjith
author_facet Meng, Yushan
Widdicombe, Bryce
Sun, Dechuan
Beckett, Paul
van Wijngaarden, Peter
Skafidas, Efstratios
Nirmalathas, Ampalavanapillai
Unnithan, Ranjith
contents The human retina contains a complex arrangement of photoreceptors that convert light into visual information. Conventional image sensors mimic the trichromacy of the retina using periodic filter mosaics responsive to three primary colors. However, this is, at best, an approximation, as an actual retina exhibits a quasi-random spatial distribution of light-sensitive rod and cone photoreceptors, where the ratio of rods to cones and their concentrations vary across the retina. Hence, the periodic mosaics are limited to accurately simulate the properties of the eye. Here, we present an image sensor with similar distribution, spacing, ratios and spectral characteristics of an actual foveal mosaic for emulating eye-like sampling and mimicking color blindness. To perform image reconstruction, we use a fully convolutional U-Net neural network adopting the concept of receptive fields in the retinal circuitry. Our research will enable the development of digital twin of a retina to further understand color vision deficiencies.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_08518
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Color-Blind Image Sensors: Towards Digital Twin of Human Retina
Meng, Yushan
Widdicombe, Bryce
Sun, Dechuan
Beckett, Paul
van Wijngaarden, Peter
Skafidas, Efstratios
Nirmalathas, Ampalavanapillai
Unnithan, Ranjith
Optics
The human retina contains a complex arrangement of photoreceptors that convert light into visual information. Conventional image sensors mimic the trichromacy of the retina using periodic filter mosaics responsive to three primary colors. However, this is, at best, an approximation, as an actual retina exhibits a quasi-random spatial distribution of light-sensitive rod and cone photoreceptors, where the ratio of rods to cones and their concentrations vary across the retina. Hence, the periodic mosaics are limited to accurately simulate the properties of the eye. Here, we present an image sensor with similar distribution, spacing, ratios and spectral characteristics of an actual foveal mosaic for emulating eye-like sampling and mimicking color blindness. To perform image reconstruction, we use a fully convolutional U-Net neural network adopting the concept of receptive fields in the retinal circuitry. Our research will enable the development of digital twin of a retina to further understand color vision deficiencies.
title Color-Blind Image Sensors: Towards Digital Twin of Human Retina
topic Optics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08518