Graphene-Gold THz Metasurfaces with Tailored Resonant Structure for Enhanced Nonlinear Response
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866915489164296192 |
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| author | Theodosi, Anna Otoo, Isaac Appiah Koulouklidis, Anastasios D. Matthaiakakis, Nikolaos Kakarantzas, George Mustonen, Petri Lipsanen, Harri Fedorov, Georgy Liontos, Ioannis Tzortzakis, Stelios Kuzhir, Polina Kafesaki, Maria Tsilipakos, Odysseas |
| author_facet | Theodosi, Anna Otoo, Isaac Appiah Koulouklidis, Anastasios D. Matthaiakakis, Nikolaos Kakarantzas, George Mustonen, Petri Lipsanen, Harri Fedorov, Georgy Liontos, Ioannis Tzortzakis, Stelios Kuzhir, Polina Kafesaki, Maria Tsilipakos, Odysseas |
| contents | Graphene's exceptional nonlinear optical properties combined with resonant photonic structures offer a promising pathway for efficient nonlinear applications at terahertz (THz) frequencies. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a fabrication-friendly hybrid nonlinear metasurface composed of gold patches integrated with uniform graphene, circumventing the need for complex graphene patterning. The structure supports strong localized resonances that enhance nonlinear interactions. By exploiting resonant enhancement at both the fundamental and third harmonic frequencies, we predict via simulations third-harmonic generation efficiencies as high as -15 dB (3.2%) under continuous-wave excitation at modest intensities (0.1 MW/cm$^2$). The metasurface is fabricated via electron-beam lithography and experimentally characterized using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Under pulsed excitation, we experimentally observe pronounced nonlinear frequency shifts up to 0.5~THz (12.5% fractional change), driven by self-phase modulation, consistent with simulation results. These findings highlight the potential of tailored graphene-based metasurfaces for efficient nonlinear THz photonic devices. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_08918 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Graphene-Gold THz Metasurfaces with Tailored Resonant Structure for Enhanced Nonlinear Response Theodosi, Anna Otoo, Isaac Appiah Koulouklidis, Anastasios D. Matthaiakakis, Nikolaos Kakarantzas, George Mustonen, Petri Lipsanen, Harri Fedorov, Georgy Liontos, Ioannis Tzortzakis, Stelios Kuzhir, Polina Kafesaki, Maria Tsilipakos, Odysseas Optics Graphene's exceptional nonlinear optical properties combined with resonant photonic structures offer a promising pathway for efficient nonlinear applications at terahertz (THz) frequencies. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a fabrication-friendly hybrid nonlinear metasurface composed of gold patches integrated with uniform graphene, circumventing the need for complex graphene patterning. The structure supports strong localized resonances that enhance nonlinear interactions. By exploiting resonant enhancement at both the fundamental and third harmonic frequencies, we predict via simulations third-harmonic generation efficiencies as high as -15 dB (3.2%) under continuous-wave excitation at modest intensities (0.1 MW/cm$^2$). The metasurface is fabricated via electron-beam lithography and experimentally characterized using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Under pulsed excitation, we experimentally observe pronounced nonlinear frequency shifts up to 0.5~THz (12.5% fractional change), driven by self-phase modulation, consistent with simulation results. These findings highlight the potential of tailored graphene-based metasurfaces for efficient nonlinear THz photonic devices. |
| title | Graphene-Gold THz Metasurfaces with Tailored Resonant Structure for Enhanced Nonlinear Response |
| topic | Optics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08918 |