Axion-Photon Conversion in FLRW with Primordial Magnetic Fields: Explaining the Radio Excess

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Main Authors: Setabuddin, Haque, Md Riajul, Karmakar, Rajesh, Pal, Supratik
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Setabuddin
Haque, Md Riajul
Karmakar, Rajesh
Pal, Supratik
author_facet Setabuddin
Haque, Md Riajul
Karmakar, Rajesh
Pal, Supratik
contents We explore the possibility of axion-photon conversion as a common origin of two low-frequency anomalies: the isotropic radio excess (ARCADE2) and the deep global 21-cm absorption trough (EDGES). From the axion-photon action in an FLRW background with primordial magnetic fields (PMFs), we derive the scale-dependent conversion probability including plasma effects. Resonant conversion, arising when the axion mass matches the plasma-induced photon mass, produces soft photons in the MHz-GHz range. By modeling stochastic PMFs with amplitude $B_0$ and spectral index $n_{\rm B}$, we show that axion-like particles with mass $\sim 10^{-14}$-$10^{-12}\,\mathrm{eV}$ and nanogauss-level nearly scale invariant PMFs can explain both ARCADE2 and EDGES. Heating from PMF dissipation via ambipolar diffusion and turbulent decay reduces the 21-cm trough, shifting the viable parameter space. Our results stem from a consistent theoretical framework developed from first principles and a combined analysis of the radio excess and global 21-cm signal, while remaining consistent with CMB bounds on PMFs and $ΔN_{\rm eff}$. We conclude that global 21-cm observations may offer potential sensitivity to axions, primordial magnetism, and dark-sector physics.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_09472
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Axion-Photon Conversion in FLRW with Primordial Magnetic Fields: Explaining the Radio Excess
Setabuddin
Haque, Md Riajul
Karmakar, Rajesh
Pal, Supratik
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
We explore the possibility of axion-photon conversion as a common origin of two low-frequency anomalies: the isotropic radio excess (ARCADE2) and the deep global 21-cm absorption trough (EDGES). From the axion-photon action in an FLRW background with primordial magnetic fields (PMFs), we derive the scale-dependent conversion probability including plasma effects. Resonant conversion, arising when the axion mass matches the plasma-induced photon mass, produces soft photons in the MHz-GHz range. By modeling stochastic PMFs with amplitude $B_0$ and spectral index $n_{\rm B}$, we show that axion-like particles with mass $\sim 10^{-14}$-$10^{-12}\,\mathrm{eV}$ and nanogauss-level nearly scale invariant PMFs can explain both ARCADE2 and EDGES. Heating from PMF dissipation via ambipolar diffusion and turbulent decay reduces the 21-cm trough, shifting the viable parameter space. Our results stem from a consistent theoretical framework developed from first principles and a combined analysis of the radio excess and global 21-cm signal, while remaining consistent with CMB bounds on PMFs and $ΔN_{\rm eff}$. We conclude that global 21-cm observations may offer potential sensitivity to axions, primordial magnetism, and dark-sector physics.
title Axion-Photon Conversion in FLRW with Primordial Magnetic Fields: Explaining the Radio Excess
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09472