On cardinalities whose arithmetical properties determine the structure of solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Ferrara, Maria, Trombetti, Marco, Tsang, Cindy
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Ferrara, Maria
Trombetti, Marco
Tsang, Cindy
author_facet Ferrara, Maria
Trombetti, Marco
Tsang, Cindy
contents The aim of this paper is to provide purely arithmetical characterisations of those natural numbers $n$ for which every non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of cardinality $n$ of the Yang--Baxter equation arising from a skew brace (sb-solution for short) satisfies some relevant properties, such as being a flip or being involutive. For example, it turns out that every sb-solution of cardinality $n$ has finite multipermutation level if and only if its prime factorisation $n= p_1^{α_1} \ldots p_t^{α_t}$ is cube-free, namely $α_i\leq 2$ for every $i$, and $p_i$ does not divide $p_j^{α_j}-1$ for $i\neq j$. Two novel constructions of skew braces will play a central role in our proofs. We shall also introduce the notion of supersoluble solution and show how this concept is related to that of supersoluble skew brace. In doing so, we have spotted an irreparable mistake in the proof of Theorem C [Ballester-Bolinches et al., Adv. Math. 455 (2024)], which characterizes soluble solutions in terms of soluble skew braces.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_11001
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On cardinalities whose arithmetical properties determine the structure of solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation
Ferrara, Maria
Trombetti, Marco
Tsang, Cindy
Group Theory
Rings and Algebras
16T25, 20F16, 81R50
The aim of this paper is to provide purely arithmetical characterisations of those natural numbers $n$ for which every non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of cardinality $n$ of the Yang--Baxter equation arising from a skew brace (sb-solution for short) satisfies some relevant properties, such as being a flip or being involutive. For example, it turns out that every sb-solution of cardinality $n$ has finite multipermutation level if and only if its prime factorisation $n= p_1^{α_1} \ldots p_t^{α_t}$ is cube-free, namely $α_i\leq 2$ for every $i$, and $p_i$ does not divide $p_j^{α_j}-1$ for $i\neq j$. Two novel constructions of skew braces will play a central role in our proofs. We shall also introduce the notion of supersoluble solution and show how this concept is related to that of supersoluble skew brace. In doing so, we have spotted an irreparable mistake in the proof of Theorem C [Ballester-Bolinches et al., Adv. Math. 455 (2024)], which characterizes soluble solutions in terms of soluble skew braces.
title On cardinalities whose arithmetical properties determine the structure of solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation
topic Group Theory
Rings and Algebras
16T25, 20F16, 81R50
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11001