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Main Authors: Qiao, Guan-Ru, Bai, Bing, Weng, Zi-Xuan, Chen, Han-Shen, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Zhi-Yuan, Nie, You-Qi, Zhang, Jun, Pan, Jian-Wei
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13105
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author Qiao, Guan-Ru
Bai, Bing
Weng, Zi-Xuan
Chen, Han-Shen
Zheng, Wei
Zheng, Zhi-Yuan
Nie, You-Qi
Zhang, Jun
Pan, Jian-Wei
author_facet Qiao, Guan-Ru
Bai, Bing
Weng, Zi-Xuan
Chen, Han-Shen
Zheng, Wei
Zheng, Zhi-Yuan
Nie, You-Qi
Zhang, Jun
Pan, Jian-Wei
contents Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers, which are guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Miniaturization of QRNGs is crucial for a wide range of communication and cryptography applications. Here, we first report a fully functional QRNG chip based on vacuum-state fluctuations, with dimensions of 16.6 mm x 7.8 mm. The quantum entropy source, which is achieved via hybrid photonic integration with a SiO2 waveguide, generates raw quantum random numbers. The hybrid photonic and electrical components are assembled into a compact ceramic package using system-in-package technology. A microcontroller unit acquires the raw data and outputs the processed quantum random numbers via a serial peripheral interface. According to the characterization results, the QRNG chip achieves a constant real-time output rate of 5.2 Mbps across the industrial temperature range of -40°C to 85°C, making it suitable for practical applications.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_13105
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Real-time vacuum-state quantum random number generator on a chip
Qiao, Guan-Ru
Bai, Bing
Weng, Zi-Xuan
Chen, Han-Shen
Zheng, Wei
Zheng, Zhi-Yuan
Nie, You-Qi
Zhang, Jun
Pan, Jian-Wei
Quantum Physics
Applied Physics
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers, which are guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Miniaturization of QRNGs is crucial for a wide range of communication and cryptography applications. Here, we first report a fully functional QRNG chip based on vacuum-state fluctuations, with dimensions of 16.6 mm x 7.8 mm. The quantum entropy source, which is achieved via hybrid photonic integration with a SiO2 waveguide, generates raw quantum random numbers. The hybrid photonic and electrical components are assembled into a compact ceramic package using system-in-package technology. A microcontroller unit acquires the raw data and outputs the processed quantum random numbers via a serial peripheral interface. According to the characterization results, the QRNG chip achieves a constant real-time output rate of 5.2 Mbps across the industrial temperature range of -40°C to 85°C, making it suitable for practical applications.
title Real-time vacuum-state quantum random number generator on a chip
topic Quantum Physics
Applied Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13105