Flow-Based Fragment Identification via Binding Site-Specific Latent Representations

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Neeser, Rebecca Manuela, Igashov, Ilia, Schneuing, Arne, Bronstein, Michael, Schwaller, Philippe, Correia, Bruno
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Neeser, Rebecca Manuela
Igashov, Ilia
Schneuing, Arne
Bronstein, Michael
Schwaller, Philippe
Correia, Bruno
author_facet Neeser, Rebecca Manuela
Igashov, Ilia
Schneuing, Arne
Bronstein, Michael
Schwaller, Philippe
Correia, Bruno
contents Fragment-based drug design is a promising strategy leveraging the binding of small chemical moieties that can efficiently guide drug discovery. The initial step of fragment identification remains challenging, as fragments often bind weakly and non-specifically. We developed a protein-fragment encoder that relies on a contrastive learning approach to map both molecular fragments and protein surfaces in a shared latent space. The encoder captures interaction-relevant features and allows to perform virtual screening as well as generative design with our new method LatentFrag. In LatentFrag, fragment embeddings and positions are generated conditioned on the protein surface while being chemically realistic by construction. Our expressive fragment and protein representations allow location of protein-fragment interaction sites with high sensitivity and we observe state-of-the-art fragment recovery rates when sampling from the learned distribution of latent fragment embeddings. Our generative method outperforms common methods such as virtual screening at a fraction of its computational cost providing a valuable starting point for fragment hit discovery. We further show the practical utility of LatentFrag and extend the workflow to full ligand design tasks. Together, these approaches contribute to advancing fragment identification and provide valuable tools for fragment-based drug discovery.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_13216
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Flow-Based Fragment Identification via Binding Site-Specific Latent Representations
Neeser, Rebecca Manuela
Igashov, Ilia
Schneuing, Arne
Bronstein, Michael
Schwaller, Philippe
Correia, Bruno
Biomolecules
Machine Learning
Fragment-based drug design is a promising strategy leveraging the binding of small chemical moieties that can efficiently guide drug discovery. The initial step of fragment identification remains challenging, as fragments often bind weakly and non-specifically. We developed a protein-fragment encoder that relies on a contrastive learning approach to map both molecular fragments and protein surfaces in a shared latent space. The encoder captures interaction-relevant features and allows to perform virtual screening as well as generative design with our new method LatentFrag. In LatentFrag, fragment embeddings and positions are generated conditioned on the protein surface while being chemically realistic by construction. Our expressive fragment and protein representations allow location of protein-fragment interaction sites with high sensitivity and we observe state-of-the-art fragment recovery rates when sampling from the learned distribution of latent fragment embeddings. Our generative method outperforms common methods such as virtual screening at a fraction of its computational cost providing a valuable starting point for fragment hit discovery. We further show the practical utility of LatentFrag and extend the workflow to full ligand design tasks. Together, these approaches contribute to advancing fragment identification and provide valuable tools for fragment-based drug discovery.
title Flow-Based Fragment Identification via Binding Site-Specific Latent Representations
topic Biomolecules
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13216