From virtual Z gates to virtual Z pulses
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866915497779396608 |
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| author | Long, Christopher K. Barnes, Crispin H. W. |
| author_facet | Long, Christopher K. Barnes, Crispin H. W. |
| contents | Virtual $Z$ gates have become integral for implementing fast, high-fidelity single-qubit operations. However, virtual $Z$ gates require that the system's two-qubit gates are microwave-activated or normalise the single-qubit $Z$ rotations$\unicode{x2014}$the group generated by $X$, $\operatorname{SWAP}$, and arbitrary phase gates. Herein, we extend the theory of virtual $Z$ gates to the pulse-level, which underlies both gate design and the recent advancements of pulse-level quantum algorithms. These algorithms attempt to utilise the full potential of present-day noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices by removing overheads associated with the compilation and transpilation of gates. To extend the theory of virtual $Z$ gates, we derive a platform-agnostic theoretical framework for virtual $Z$ pulses by employing time dilations of the pulse sequences that control the quantum processor. Additionally, we provide worked examples of the implementation of virtual $Z$ pulses on both semiconductor spin qubit and superconducting quantum processor architectures. Moreover, we present a general overview of the hardware support for virtual $Z$ pulses. We find virtual $Z$ pulses (and thus, virtual $Z$ gates) can be used on hardware that, with previous methods, did not support the virtual $Z$ gate. Finally, we present two additional applications of virtual $Z$ pulses to pulse-level algorithms. First, broadening the class of Hamiltonians that can be natively simulated in an analogue manner. Second, increasing the expressibility of pulse-based variational quantum algorithms. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_13453 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | From virtual Z gates to virtual Z pulses Long, Christopher K. Barnes, Crispin H. W. Quantum Physics Virtual $Z$ gates have become integral for implementing fast, high-fidelity single-qubit operations. However, virtual $Z$ gates require that the system's two-qubit gates are microwave-activated or normalise the single-qubit $Z$ rotations$\unicode{x2014}$the group generated by $X$, $\operatorname{SWAP}$, and arbitrary phase gates. Herein, we extend the theory of virtual $Z$ gates to the pulse-level, which underlies both gate design and the recent advancements of pulse-level quantum algorithms. These algorithms attempt to utilise the full potential of present-day noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices by removing overheads associated with the compilation and transpilation of gates. To extend the theory of virtual $Z$ gates, we derive a platform-agnostic theoretical framework for virtual $Z$ pulses by employing time dilations of the pulse sequences that control the quantum processor. Additionally, we provide worked examples of the implementation of virtual $Z$ pulses on both semiconductor spin qubit and superconducting quantum processor architectures. Moreover, we present a general overview of the hardware support for virtual $Z$ pulses. We find virtual $Z$ pulses (and thus, virtual $Z$ gates) can be used on hardware that, with previous methods, did not support the virtual $Z$ gate. Finally, we present two additional applications of virtual $Z$ pulses to pulse-level algorithms. First, broadening the class of Hamiltonians that can be natively simulated in an analogue manner. Second, increasing the expressibility of pulse-based variational quantum algorithms. |
| title | From virtual Z gates to virtual Z pulses |
| topic | Quantum Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13453 |