Aeos is Mixing it Up: The (In)homogeneity of Metal Mixing Following Population III Star Formation
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866908543479709696 |
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| author | Mead, Jennifer Brauer, Kaley Bryan, Greg L. Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark Ji, Alexander P. Wise, John H. Andersson, Eric P. Frebel, Anna Emerick, Andrew Côté, Benoit |
| author_facet | Mead, Jennifer Brauer, Kaley Bryan, Greg L. Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark Ji, Alexander P. Wise, John H. Andersson, Eric P. Frebel, Anna Emerick, Andrew Côté, Benoit |
| contents | Stellar surface abundances are records of the state of the gas from which stars formed, and thus trace how individual elements have mixed into the surrounding medium following their ejection from stars. In this work, we test the common assumption of instantaneous and homogeneous metal mixing during the formation of the first Population II stars by characterizing the chemical homogeneity of the gas in simulated star-forming environments enriched by Population III stellar feedback. Testing the homogeneity of metal mixing in this time period is necessary for understanding the spread of abundances in the most metal-poor stars, and the (in)homogeneity of individual sites of star formation. Using Aeos, a suite of star-by-star cosmological simulations, we quantify how gas abundances change over space and time relative to Population II stellar abundances using Mahalanobis distances, a measure of covariance-normalized dissimilarity. We find that the homogeneous mixing assumption holds only within $\sim100$ pc of a star-forming region and $\sim 7$ Myr following the star formation event. Beyond this regime, deviations between stellar and gas abundances increase until they become indistinguishable from assuming a homogeneous mix of metals averaged over the initial mass function. This highlights the limited applicability of assuming instantaneous and homogeneous mixing in realistic halo environments at high redshift. We identify critical mixing scales that are necessary to explore chemical evolution in the early Universe. These scales can be applied to determine the precision needed for accurate chemical tagging of observed data and to explore parameter space with analytical models. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_13580 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Aeos is Mixing it Up: The (In)homogeneity of Metal Mixing Following Population III Star Formation Mead, Jennifer Brauer, Kaley Bryan, Greg L. Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark Ji, Alexander P. Wise, John H. Andersson, Eric P. Frebel, Anna Emerick, Andrew Côté, Benoit Astrophysics of Galaxies Stellar surface abundances are records of the state of the gas from which stars formed, and thus trace how individual elements have mixed into the surrounding medium following their ejection from stars. In this work, we test the common assumption of instantaneous and homogeneous metal mixing during the formation of the first Population II stars by characterizing the chemical homogeneity of the gas in simulated star-forming environments enriched by Population III stellar feedback. Testing the homogeneity of metal mixing in this time period is necessary for understanding the spread of abundances in the most metal-poor stars, and the (in)homogeneity of individual sites of star formation. Using Aeos, a suite of star-by-star cosmological simulations, we quantify how gas abundances change over space and time relative to Population II stellar abundances using Mahalanobis distances, a measure of covariance-normalized dissimilarity. We find that the homogeneous mixing assumption holds only within $\sim100$ pc of a star-forming region and $\sim 7$ Myr following the star formation event. Beyond this regime, deviations between stellar and gas abundances increase until they become indistinguishable from assuming a homogeneous mix of metals averaged over the initial mass function. This highlights the limited applicability of assuming instantaneous and homogeneous mixing in realistic halo environments at high redshift. We identify critical mixing scales that are necessary to explore chemical evolution in the early Universe. These scales can be applied to determine the precision needed for accurate chemical tagging of observed data and to explore parameter space with analytical models. |
| title | Aeos is Mixing it Up: The (In)homogeneity of Metal Mixing Following Population III Star Formation |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13580 |