Thermal-nonthermal transition of the charged particle production in pp collisions
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Tlali, J. Alonso Herrera, D. Rosales García, J. R. Alvarado Téllez, A. Fernández Pajares, C. Ramírez, J. E. |
| author_facet | Tlali, J. Alonso Herrera, D. Rosales García, J. R. Alvarado Téllez, A. Fernández Pajares, C. Ramírez, J. E. |
| contents | We determine the internal energy of charged particle production in minimum bias pp collisions using a thermostatistical approach by analyzing the $p_\text{T}$ spectrum reported by the ALICE Collaboration across LHC energies. To do this, we define temperature as the slope of the $p_\text{T}$ spectrum at low $p_\text{T}$ values and Shannon's entropy as the system's entropy, calculated considering the normalized $p_\text{T}$ spectrum. We found that the internal energy for the Hagedorn and Tricomi functions behaves linearly with temperature at low temperatures but becomes nonlinear at LHC energies, showing a thermal-nonthermal transition in the production of charged particles in pp collisions. Our estimation of the transition center of mass energy is $\sqrt{s^*}=27(11)\text{ keV}$ at baryon chemical potential $μ_B=0$, which explains why the production of high $p_\text{T}$ hadrons has always been observed, even in earlier experiments, which may also encompass other experiments colliding e$^-$p or e$^+$e$^-$. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_14175 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Thermal-nonthermal transition of the charged particle production in pp collisions Tlali, J. Alonso Herrera, D. Rosales García, J. R. Alvarado Téllez, A. Fernández Pajares, C. Ramírez, J. E. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Statistical Mechanics High Energy Physics - Experiment We determine the internal energy of charged particle production in minimum bias pp collisions using a thermostatistical approach by analyzing the $p_\text{T}$ spectrum reported by the ALICE Collaboration across LHC energies. To do this, we define temperature as the slope of the $p_\text{T}$ spectrum at low $p_\text{T}$ values and Shannon's entropy as the system's entropy, calculated considering the normalized $p_\text{T}$ spectrum. We found that the internal energy for the Hagedorn and Tricomi functions behaves linearly with temperature at low temperatures but becomes nonlinear at LHC energies, showing a thermal-nonthermal transition in the production of charged particles in pp collisions. Our estimation of the transition center of mass energy is $\sqrt{s^*}=27(11)\text{ keV}$ at baryon chemical potential $μ_B=0$, which explains why the production of high $p_\text{T}$ hadrons has always been observed, even in earlier experiments, which may also encompass other experiments colliding e$^-$p or e$^+$e$^-$. |
| title | Thermal-nonthermal transition of the charged particle production in pp collisions |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Statistical Mechanics High Energy Physics - Experiment |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.14175 |