Modeling Transformers as complex networks to analyze learning dynamics

Fuente: arXiv

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Rocchetti, Elisabetta
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Parallel BiLSTM-Transformer networks for forecasting chaotic dynamics
by: Ma, Junwen, et al.
Published: (2025)

How LLMs Follow Instructions: Skillful Coordination, Not a Universal Mechanism
by: Rocchetti, Elisabetta, et al.
Published: (2026)

Enhanced Transformer architecture for in-context learning of dynamical systems
by: Rufolo, Matteo, et al.
Published: (2024)

Decoding complexity: how machine learning is redefining scientific discovery
by: Vinuesa, Ricardo, et al.
Published: (2024)

Understanding the dynamics of the frequency bias in neural networks
by: Molina, Juan, et al.
Published: (2024)

In value-based deep reinforcement learning, a pruned network is a good network
by: Obando-Ceron, Johan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Gradient-free variational learning with conditional mixture networks
by: Heins, Conor, et al.
Published: (2024)

How Instruction-Tuning Imparts Length Control: A Cross-Lingual Mechanistic Analysis
by: Rocchetti, Elisabetta, et al.
Published: (2025)

Understanding the learned look-ahead behavior of chess neural networks
by: Cruz, Diogo
Published: (2025)

Adaptive multiple optimal learning factors for neural network training
by: Challagundla, Jeshwanth
Published: (2024)

Investigating potential causes of Sepsis with Bayesian network structure learning
by: Petrungaro, Bruno, et al.
Published: (2024)

A representational framework for learning and encoding structurally enriched trajectories in complex agent environments
by: Catarau-Cotutiu, Corina, et al.
Published: (2025)

Context selectivity with dynamic availability enables lifelong continual learning
by: Barry, Martin, et al.
Published: (2023)

Feature contamination: Neural networks learn uncorrelated features and fail to generalize
by: Zhang, Tianren, et al.
Published: (2024)

Neural operators struggle to learn complex PDEs in pedestrian mobility: Hughes model case study
by: Chauhan, Prajwal, et al.
Published: (2025)

Training instability in deep learning follows low-dimensional dynamical principles
by: Zhang, Zhipeng, et al.
Published: (2026)

Decoding the mechanisms of the Hattrick football manager game using Bayesian network structure learning
by: Constantinou, Anthony C., et al.
Published: (2025)

FedMSE: Semi-supervised federated learning approach for IoT network intrusion detection
by: Nguyen, Van Tuan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Designing an efficient and equitable humanitarian supply chain dynamically via reinforcement learning
by: Jin, Weijia
Published: (2025)

Scientific machine learning in ecological systems: A study on the predator-prey dynamics
by: Devgupta, Ranabir, et al.
Published: (2024)

Feature learning as alignment: a structural property of gradient descent in non-linear neural networks
by: Beaglehole, Daniel, et al.
Published: (2024)

Representations learnt by SGD and Adaptive learning rules: Conditions that vary sparsity and selectivity in neural networks
by: Park, Jin Hyun
Published: (2022)

LLMs learn governing principles of dynamical systems, revealing an in-context neural scaling law
by: Liu, Toni J. B., et al.
Published: (2024)

The sample complexity of multi-distribution learning
by: Peng, Binghui
Published: (2023)

Task complexity shapes internal representations and robustness in neural networks
by: Jankowski, Robert, et al.
Published: (2025)

Zero-shot Meta-learning for Tabular Prediction Tasks with Adversarially Pre-trained Transformer
by: Wu, Yulun, et al.
Published: (2025)

Traj-Transformer: Diffusion Models with Transformer for GPS Trajectory Generation
by: Zhang, Zhiyang, et al.
Published: (2025)

Target noise: A pre-training based neural network initialization for efficient high resolution learning
by: Wang, Shaowen, et al.
Published: (2026)

An evolutionary perspective on modes of learning in Transformers
by: Ku, Alexander Y., et al.
Published: (2025)

Boosting long-term forecasting performance for continuous-time dynamic graph networks via data augmentation
by: Tian, Yuxing, et al.
Published: (2023)

Noise Stability of Transformer Models
by: Haris, Themistoklis, et al.
Published: (2026)

Transformers trained on proteins can learn to attend to Euclidean distance
by: Ellmen, Isaac, et al.
Published: (2025)

Transforming Multimodal Models into Action Models for Radiotherapy
by: Ferrante, Matteo, et al.
Published: (2025)

On-site estimation of battery electrochemical parameters via transfer learning based physics-informed neural network approach
by: Yeregui, Josu, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Features at Convergence Theorem: a first-principles alternative to the Neural Feature Ansatz for how networks learn representations
by: Boix-Adsera, Enric, et al.
Published: (2025)

Active management of battery degradation in wireless sensor network using deep reinforcement learning for group battery replacement
by: Jeong, Jong-Hyun, et al.
Published: (2025)

Deep-layer limit and stability analysis of the basic forward-backward-splitting induced network (II): learning problems
by: Lin, Xuan, et al.
Published: (2026)

Data-driven simulator of multi-animal behavior with unknown dynamics via offline and online reinforcement learning
by: Fujii, Keisuke, et al.
Published: (2025)

The power and limitations of learning quantum dynamics incoherently
by: Jerbi, Sofiene, et al.
Published: (2023)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c"
ui	"standard"
language	"en"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790992872.7246 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1759}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c; ui=standard; language=en"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.217.142"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"17814"
REDIRECT_URL	""" /Record/\n arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_15269/Similar """
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/%0Aarxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_15269/Similar"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790992872.7201
REQUEST_TIME	1790992872

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c"
ui	"standard"
language	"en"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790992872.7246 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1759}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=c8b9b1d56931d37c824bd75e97104c3c; ui=standard; language=en"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.217.142"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"17814"
REDIRECT_URL	""" /Record/\n arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_15269/Similar """
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/%0Aarxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_15269/Similar"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790992872.7201
REQUEST_TIME	1790992872

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Similar Items

Similar Items

Environment & details:

Environment & details: