A New Way to Discover Strong Gravitational Lenses: Pair-wise Spectroscopic Search from DESI DR1

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Main Authors:	Hsu, Yuan-Ming, Huang, Xiaosheng, Storfer, Christopher J., Inchausti, Jose Carlos, Schlegel, David, Moustakas, John, Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Anand, A., Bailey, S., Bianchi, D., Brooks, D., Castander, F. J., Claybaugh, T., Cuceu, A., de la Macorra, A., Della Costa, J., Dey, Arjun, Dey, Biprateep, Doel, P., Forero-Romero, J. E., Gaztañaga, E., Gontcho, S. Gontcho A, Gutierrez, G., Huterer, D., Joyce, R., Kehoe, R., Kirkby, D., Kisner, T., Kremin, A., Lahav, O., Landriau, M., Guillou, L. Le, Manera, M., Meisner, A., Miquel, R., Nadathur, S., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Percival, W. J., Prada, F., Pérez-Ràfols, I., Rossi, G., Sanchez, E., Schubnell, M., Silber, J., Sprayberry, D., Tarlé, G., Weaver, B. A., Zhou, R., Zou, H.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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author	Hsu, Yuan-Ming Huang, Xiaosheng Storfer, Christopher J. Inchausti, Jose Carlos Schlegel, David Moustakas, John Aguilar, J. Ahlen, S. Anand, A. Bailey, S. Bianchi, D. Brooks, D. Castander, F. J. Claybaugh, T. Cuceu, A. de la Macorra, A. Della Costa, J. Dey, Arjun Dey, Biprateep Doel, P. Forero-Romero, J. E. Gaztañaga, E. Gontcho, S. Gontcho A Gutierrez, G. Huterer, D. Joyce, R. Kehoe, R. Kirkby, D. Kisner, T. Kremin, A. Lahav, O. Landriau, M. Guillou, L. Le Manera, M. Meisner, A. Miquel, R. Nadathur, S. Palanque-Delabrouille, N. Percival, W. J. Prada, F. Pérez-Ràfols, I. Rossi, G. Sanchez, E. Schubnell, M. Silber, J. Sprayberry, D. Tarlé, G. Weaver, B. A. Zhou, R. Zou, H.
author_facet	Hsu, Yuan-Ming Huang, Xiaosheng Storfer, Christopher J. Inchausti, Jose Carlos Schlegel, David Moustakas, John Aguilar, J. Ahlen, S. Anand, A. Bailey, S. Bianchi, D. Brooks, D. Castander, F. J. Claybaugh, T. Cuceu, A. de la Macorra, A. Della Costa, J. Dey, Arjun Dey, Biprateep Doel, P. Forero-Romero, J. E. Gaztañaga, E. Gontcho, S. Gontcho A Gutierrez, G. Huterer, D. Joyce, R. Kehoe, R. Kirkby, D. Kisner, T. Kremin, A. Lahav, O. Landriau, M. Guillou, L. Le Manera, M. Meisner, A. Miquel, R. Nadathur, S. Palanque-Delabrouille, N. Percival, W. J. Prada, F. Pérez-Ràfols, I. Rossi, G. Sanchez, E. Schubnell, M. Silber, J. Sprayberry, D. Tarlé, G. Weaver, B. A. Zhou, R. Zou, H.
contents	We present a new method to search for strong gravitational lensing systems by pairing spectra that are close together on the sky in a spectroscopic survey. We visually inspect 26,621 spectra in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 that are selected in this way. We further inspect the 11,848 images corresponding to these spectra in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 10, and obtain 2046 conventional strong gravitational lens candidates, of which 1906 are new. This constitutes the largest sample of lens candidates identified to date in spectroscopic data. Besides the conventional candidates, we identify a new class of systems that we term "dimple lenses". These systems have a low-mass foreground galaxy as a lens, typically smaller in angular extent and fainter compared with the lensed background source galaxy, producing subtle surface brightness indentations in the latter. We report the discovery of 318 of these "dimple-lens" candidates. We suspect that these represent dwarf galaxy lensing. With follow-up observations, they could offer a new avenue to test the cold dark matter model by probing their mass profiles, stellar mass-halo mass relation, and halo mass function for $M_{\textrm{Halo}} \lesssim 10^{13}\,M_\odot$. Thus, in total, we report 2164 new lens candidates. Our method demonstrates the power of pairwise spectroscopic analysis and provides a pathway complementary to imaging-based and single-spectrum lens searches.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_16033
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	A New Way to Discover Strong Gravitational Lenses: Pair-wise Spectroscopic Search from DESI DR1 Hsu, Yuan-Ming Huang, Xiaosheng Storfer, Christopher J. Inchausti, Jose Carlos Schlegel, David Moustakas, John Aguilar, J. Ahlen, S. Anand, A. Bailey, S. Bianchi, D. Brooks, D. Castander, F. J. Claybaugh, T. Cuceu, A. de la Macorra, A. Della Costa, J. Dey, Arjun Dey, Biprateep Doel, P. Forero-Romero, J. E. Gaztañaga, E. Gontcho, S. Gontcho A Gutierrez, G. Huterer, D. Joyce, R. Kehoe, R. Kirkby, D. Kisner, T. Kremin, A. Lahav, O. Landriau, M. Guillou, L. Le Manera, M. Meisner, A. Miquel, R. Nadathur, S. Palanque-Delabrouille, N. Percival, W. J. Prada, F. Pérez-Ràfols, I. Rossi, G. Sanchez, E. Schubnell, M. Silber, J. Sprayberry, D. Tarlé, G. Weaver, B. A. Zhou, R. Zou, H. Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics We present a new method to search for strong gravitational lensing systems by pairing spectra that are close together on the sky in a spectroscopic survey. We visually inspect 26,621 spectra in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 that are selected in this way. We further inspect the 11,848 images corresponding to these spectra in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 10, and obtain 2046 conventional strong gravitational lens candidates, of which 1906 are new. This constitutes the largest sample of lens candidates identified to date in spectroscopic data. Besides the conventional candidates, we identify a new class of systems that we term "dimple lenses". These systems have a low-mass foreground galaxy as a lens, typically smaller in angular extent and fainter compared with the lensed background source galaxy, producing subtle surface brightness indentations in the latter. We report the discovery of 318 of these "dimple-lens" candidates. We suspect that these represent dwarf galaxy lensing. With follow-up observations, they could offer a new avenue to test the cold dark matter model by probing their mass profiles, stellar mass-halo mass relation, and halo mass function for $M_{\textrm{Halo}} \lesssim 10^{13}\,M_\odot$. Thus, in total, we report 2164 new lens candidates. Our method demonstrates the power of pairwise spectroscopic analysis and provides a pathway complementary to imaging-based and single-spectrum lens searches.
title	A New Way to Discover Strong Gravitational Lenses: Pair-wise Spectroscopic Search from DESI DR1
topic	Astrophysics of Galaxies Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16033