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Hauptverfasser: Wong, Sheng, Shankar, Ravi, Albert, Beth, Jones, Gabriel Davis
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18112
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author Wong, Sheng
Shankar, Ravi
Albert, Beth
Jones, Gabriel Davis
author_facet Wong, Sheng
Shankar, Ravi
Albert, Beth
Jones, Gabriel Davis
contents Foundation models (FMs) and large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising generalization across diverse domains for time-series analysis, yet their potential for electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and cardiotocography (CTG) analysis remains underexplored. Most existing CTG studies relied on domain-specific models and lack systematic comparisons with modern foundation or language models, limiting our understanding of whether these models can outperform specialized systems in fetal health assessment. In this study, we present the first comprehensive benchmark of state-of-the-art architectures for automated antepartum CTG classification. Over 2,500 20-minutes recordings were used to evaluate over 15 models spanning domain-specific, time-series, foundation, and language-model categories under a unified framework. Fine-tuned LLMs consistently outperformed both foundation and domain-specific models across data-availability scenarios, except when uterine-activity signals were absent, where domain-specific models showed greater robustness. These performance gains, however, required substantially higher computational resources. Our results highlight that while fine-tuned LLMs achieved state-of-the-art performance for CTG classification, practical deployment must balance performance with computational efficiency.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_18112
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publishDate 2025
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spellingShingle Large language models surpass domain-specific architectures for antepartum electronic fetal monitoring analysis
Wong, Sheng
Shankar, Ravi
Albert, Beth
Jones, Gabriel Davis
Machine Learning
Foundation models (FMs) and large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising generalization across diverse domains for time-series analysis, yet their potential for electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and cardiotocography (CTG) analysis remains underexplored. Most existing CTG studies relied on domain-specific models and lack systematic comparisons with modern foundation or language models, limiting our understanding of whether these models can outperform specialized systems in fetal health assessment. In this study, we present the first comprehensive benchmark of state-of-the-art architectures for automated antepartum CTG classification. Over 2,500 20-minutes recordings were used to evaluate over 15 models spanning domain-specific, time-series, foundation, and language-model categories under a unified framework. Fine-tuned LLMs consistently outperformed both foundation and domain-specific models across data-availability scenarios, except when uterine-activity signals were absent, where domain-specific models showed greater robustness. These performance gains, however, required substantially higher computational resources. Our results highlight that while fine-tuned LLMs achieved state-of-the-art performance for CTG classification, practical deployment must balance performance with computational efficiency.
title Large language models surpass domain-specific architectures for antepartum electronic fetal monitoring analysis
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18112