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Main Authors: Moreno, Rodrigo, Faina, Andres, Sudhakaran, Shyam, Walker, Kathryn, Risi, Sebastian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18659
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author Moreno, Rodrigo
Faina, Andres
Sudhakaran, Shyam
Walker, Kathryn
Risi, Sebastian
author_facet Moreno, Rodrigo
Faina, Andres
Sudhakaran, Shyam
Walker, Kathryn
Risi, Sebastian
contents Biological systems possess remarkable capabilities for self-recognition and morphological regeneration, often relying solely on local interactions. Inspired by these decentralized processes, we present a novel system of physical 3D bricks--simple cubic units equipped with local communication, processing, and sensing--that are capable of inferring their global shape class and detecting structural damage. Leveraging Neural Cellular Automata (NCA), a learned, fully-distributed algorithm, our system enables each module to independently execute the same neural network without access to any global state or positioning information. We demonstrate the ability of collections of hundreds of these cellular bricks to accurately classify a variety of 3D shapes through purely local interactions. The approach shows strong robustness to out-of-distribution shape variations and high tolerance to communication faults and failed modules. In addition to shape inference, the same decentralized framework is extended to detect missing or damaged components, allowing the collective to localize structural disruptions and to guide a recovery process. This work provides a physical realization of large-scale, decentralized self-recognition and damage detection, advancing the potential of robust, adaptive, and bio-inspired modular systems. Videos and code will be made available at: https://cellularbricks.github.io/
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_18659
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Smart Cellular Bricks for Decentralized Shape Classification and Damage Recovery
Moreno, Rodrigo
Faina, Andres
Sudhakaran, Shyam
Walker, Kathryn
Risi, Sebastian
Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Biological systems possess remarkable capabilities for self-recognition and morphological regeneration, often relying solely on local interactions. Inspired by these decentralized processes, we present a novel system of physical 3D bricks--simple cubic units equipped with local communication, processing, and sensing--that are capable of inferring their global shape class and detecting structural damage. Leveraging Neural Cellular Automata (NCA), a learned, fully-distributed algorithm, our system enables each module to independently execute the same neural network without access to any global state or positioning information. We demonstrate the ability of collections of hundreds of these cellular bricks to accurately classify a variety of 3D shapes through purely local interactions. The approach shows strong robustness to out-of-distribution shape variations and high tolerance to communication faults and failed modules. In addition to shape inference, the same decentralized framework is extended to detect missing or damaged components, allowing the collective to localize structural disruptions and to guide a recovery process. This work provides a physical realization of large-scale, decentralized self-recognition and damage detection, advancing the potential of robust, adaptive, and bio-inspired modular systems. Videos and code will be made available at: https://cellularbricks.github.io/
title Smart Cellular Bricks for Decentralized Shape Classification and Damage Recovery
topic Neural and Evolutionary Computing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18659