Detection of HI filament: Pair Stacking vs. Filament Stacking

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Meng, Yuxi, Wang, Jie, Jing, Yingjie, Chen, Hongxiang, Liu, Zerui
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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author Meng, Yuxi
Wang, Jie
Jing, Yingjie
Chen, Hongxiang
Liu, Zerui
author_facet Meng, Yuxi
Wang, Jie
Jing, Yingjie
Chen, Hongxiang
Liu, Zerui
contents The faint 21 cm signal emitted by neutral hydrogen in cosmic filaments is expected to be detectable. However, due to its weakness, stacking techniques are required. We assessed two stacking methods--pair stacking and filament stacking--using the EAGLE and IllustrisTNG simulations. Pair stacking leverages the fact that cosmic filaments connect massive structures (i.e., knots) in the cosmic web, while filament stacking directly aggregates filaments identified from galaxy distributions. Our analysis indicates that, although pair stacking is convenient, it faces contamination from massive structures; after removing this contamination, the filament signal is significantly reduced. In contrast, HI detection via filament stacking appears more promising. The column density in filament stacking reaches $\sim 10^{16}$--$10^{17}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ even when all haloes are masked, whereas pair stacking does not reach this level even without masking, and is further suppressed by several orders of magnitude once masking is applied. The effectiveness of filament stacking can be further improved with higher galaxy number density and better spatial resolution in radio intensity mapping observations. With the advent of upcoming optical and radio data, the detection of HI in cosmic filaments remains promising.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_22180
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Detection of HI filament: Pair Stacking vs. Filament Stacking
Meng, Yuxi
Wang, Jie
Jing, Yingjie
Chen, Hongxiang
Liu, Zerui
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
The faint 21 cm signal emitted by neutral hydrogen in cosmic filaments is expected to be detectable. However, due to its weakness, stacking techniques are required. We assessed two stacking methods--pair stacking and filament stacking--using the EAGLE and IllustrisTNG simulations. Pair stacking leverages the fact that cosmic filaments connect massive structures (i.e., knots) in the cosmic web, while filament stacking directly aggregates filaments identified from galaxy distributions. Our analysis indicates that, although pair stacking is convenient, it faces contamination from massive structures; after removing this contamination, the filament signal is significantly reduced. In contrast, HI detection via filament stacking appears more promising. The column density in filament stacking reaches $\sim 10^{16}$--$10^{17}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ even when all haloes are masked, whereas pair stacking does not reach this level even without masking, and is further suppressed by several orders of magnitude once masking is applied. The effectiveness of filament stacking can be further improved with higher galaxy number density and better spatial resolution in radio intensity mapping observations. With the advent of upcoming optical and radio data, the detection of HI in cosmic filaments remains promising.
title Detection of HI filament: Pair Stacking vs. Filament Stacking
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22180