Masses, Star-Formation Efficiencies, and Dynamical Evolution of 18,000 HII Regions
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2025
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| author | Pathak, Debosmita Leroy, Adam K. Barnes, Ashley. T. Thompson, Todd A. Lopez, Laura A. Sandstrom, Karin M. Sun, Jiayi Glover, Simon C. O. Klessen, Ralf S. Koch, Eric W. Larson, Kirsten L. Lee, Janice Meidt, Sharon Sanchez-Blazquez, Patricia Schinnerer, Eva Bazzi, Zein Belfiore, Francesco Boquien, Médéric Chown, Ryan Colombo, Dario Congiu, Enrico Egorov, Oleg V. Eibensteiner, Cosima Kurapati, Sushma Querejeta, Miguel Dale, Daniel A. Kravtsov, Timo Padave, Mansi Pisano, D. J. Rosolowsky, Erik Sarbadhicary, Sumit K. Williams, Thomas G. Indebetouw, Remy Pan, Hsi-An Úbeda, Leonardo Amiri, Amirnezam Bigiel, Frank Blanc, Guillermo A. Grasha, Kathryn |
| author_facet | Pathak, Debosmita Leroy, Adam K. Barnes, Ashley. T. Thompson, Todd A. Lopez, Laura A. Sandstrom, Karin M. Sun, Jiayi Glover, Simon C. O. Klessen, Ralf S. Koch, Eric W. Larson, Kirsten L. Lee, Janice Meidt, Sharon Sanchez-Blazquez, Patricia Schinnerer, Eva Bazzi, Zein Belfiore, Francesco Boquien, Médéric Chown, Ryan Colombo, Dario Congiu, Enrico Egorov, Oleg V. Eibensteiner, Cosima Kurapati, Sushma Querejeta, Miguel Dale, Daniel A. Kravtsov, Timo Padave, Mansi Pisano, D. J. Rosolowsky, Erik Sarbadhicary, Sumit K. Williams, Thomas G. Indebetouw, Remy Pan, Hsi-An Úbeda, Leonardo Amiri, Amirnezam Bigiel, Frank Blanc, Guillermo A. Grasha, Kathryn |
| contents | We present measurements of the masses associated with $\sim18,000$ HII regions across 19 nearby star-forming galaxies by combining data from JWST, HST, MUSE, ALMA, VLA, and MeerKAT from the multi-wavelength PHANGS survey. We report 10 pc-scale measurements of the mass of young stars, ionized gas, and older disk stars coincident with each HII region, as well as the initial and current mass of molecular gas, atomic gas, and swept-up shell material, estimated from lower resolution data. We find that the mass of older stars dominates over young stars at $\gtrsim10\rm\,pc$ scales, and ionized gas exceeds the stellar mass in most optically bright HII regions. Combining our mass measurements for a statistically large sample of HII regions, we derive 10 pc scale star-formation efficiencies $\approx6{-}17\%$ for individual HII regions. Comparing each region's self-gravity with the ambient ISM pressure and total pressure from pre-supernova stellar feedback, we show that most optically bright HII regions are over-pressured relative to their own self-gravity and the ambient ISM pressure, and that they are hence likely expanding into their surroundings. Larger HII regions in galaxy centers approach dynamical equilibrium. The self-gravity of regions is expected to dominate over pre-supernova stellar feedback pressure at $\gtrsim130\rm\,pc$ and $60\rm\,pc$ scales in galaxy disks and centers, respectively, but is always sub-dominant to the ambient ISM pressure on HII region scales. Our measurements have direct implications for the dynamical evolution of star-forming regions and the efficiency of stellar feedback in ionizing and clearing cold gas. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_22789 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Masses, Star-Formation Efficiencies, and Dynamical Evolution of 18,000 HII Regions Pathak, Debosmita Leroy, Adam K. Barnes, Ashley. T. Thompson, Todd A. Lopez, Laura A. Sandstrom, Karin M. Sun, Jiayi Glover, Simon C. O. Klessen, Ralf S. Koch, Eric W. Larson, Kirsten L. Lee, Janice Meidt, Sharon Sanchez-Blazquez, Patricia Schinnerer, Eva Bazzi, Zein Belfiore, Francesco Boquien, Médéric Chown, Ryan Colombo, Dario Congiu, Enrico Egorov, Oleg V. Eibensteiner, Cosima Kurapati, Sushma Querejeta, Miguel Dale, Daniel A. Kravtsov, Timo Padave, Mansi Pisano, D. J. Rosolowsky, Erik Sarbadhicary, Sumit K. Williams, Thomas G. Indebetouw, Remy Pan, Hsi-An Úbeda, Leonardo Amiri, Amirnezam Bigiel, Frank Blanc, Guillermo A. Grasha, Kathryn Astrophysics of Galaxies We present measurements of the masses associated with $\sim18,000$ HII regions across 19 nearby star-forming galaxies by combining data from JWST, HST, MUSE, ALMA, VLA, and MeerKAT from the multi-wavelength PHANGS survey. We report 10 pc-scale measurements of the mass of young stars, ionized gas, and older disk stars coincident with each HII region, as well as the initial and current mass of molecular gas, atomic gas, and swept-up shell material, estimated from lower resolution data. We find that the mass of older stars dominates over young stars at $\gtrsim10\rm\,pc$ scales, and ionized gas exceeds the stellar mass in most optically bright HII regions. Combining our mass measurements for a statistically large sample of HII regions, we derive 10 pc scale star-formation efficiencies $\approx6{-}17\%$ for individual HII regions. Comparing each region's self-gravity with the ambient ISM pressure and total pressure from pre-supernova stellar feedback, we show that most optically bright HII regions are over-pressured relative to their own self-gravity and the ambient ISM pressure, and that they are hence likely expanding into their surroundings. Larger HII regions in galaxy centers approach dynamical equilibrium. The self-gravity of regions is expected to dominate over pre-supernova stellar feedback pressure at $\gtrsim130\rm\,pc$ and $60\rm\,pc$ scales in galaxy disks and centers, respectively, but is always sub-dominant to the ambient ISM pressure on HII region scales. Our measurements have direct implications for the dynamical evolution of star-forming regions and the efficiency of stellar feedback in ionizing and clearing cold gas. |
| title | Masses, Star-Formation Efficiencies, and Dynamical Evolution of 18,000 HII Regions |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22789 |