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Main Authors: Wang, Jianren, Xie, Quanting, Han, Jie, Zhang, Yang, Atkeson, Christopher G., Gupta, Abhinav, Pathak, Deepak, Bisk, Yonatan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23561
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author Wang, Jianren
Xie, Quanting
Han, Jie
Zhang, Yang
Atkeson, Christopher G.
Gupta, Abhinav
Pathak, Deepak
Bisk, Yonatan
author_facet Wang, Jianren
Xie, Quanting
Han, Jie
Zhang, Yang
Atkeson, Christopher G.
Gupta, Abhinav
Pathak, Deepak
Bisk, Yonatan
contents Quasi-direct-drive (QDD) actuation is transforming legged and manipulator robots by eliminating high-ratio gearboxes, yet it demands motors that deliver very high torque at low speed within a thin, disc-shaped joint envelope. Axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines meet these geometric and torque requirements, but scaling them below a 20mm outer diameter is hampered by poor copper fill in conventional wound stators, inflating resistance and throttling continuous torque. This paper introduces a micro-scale AFPM motor that overcomes these limitations through printed-circuit-board (PCB) windings fabricated with advanced IC-substrate high-density interconnect (HDI) technology. The resulting 48-layer stator-formed by stacking four 12-layer HDI modules-achieves a record 45\% copper fill in a package only 5mm thick and 19mm in diameter. We perform comprehensive electromagnetic and thermal analyses to inform the motor design, then fabricate a prototype whose performance characteristics are experimentally verified.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_23561
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle High Torque Density PCB Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Micro Robots
Wang, Jianren
Xie, Quanting
Han, Jie
Zhang, Yang
Atkeson, Christopher G.
Gupta, Abhinav
Pathak, Deepak
Bisk, Yonatan
Robotics
Quasi-direct-drive (QDD) actuation is transforming legged and manipulator robots by eliminating high-ratio gearboxes, yet it demands motors that deliver very high torque at low speed within a thin, disc-shaped joint envelope. Axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines meet these geometric and torque requirements, but scaling them below a 20mm outer diameter is hampered by poor copper fill in conventional wound stators, inflating resistance and throttling continuous torque. This paper introduces a micro-scale AFPM motor that overcomes these limitations through printed-circuit-board (PCB) windings fabricated with advanced IC-substrate high-density interconnect (HDI) technology. The resulting 48-layer stator-formed by stacking four 12-layer HDI modules-achieves a record 45\% copper fill in a package only 5mm thick and 19mm in diameter. We perform comprehensive electromagnetic and thermal analyses to inform the motor design, then fabricate a prototype whose performance characteristics are experimentally verified.
title High Torque Density PCB Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Micro Robots
topic Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23561