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Main Authors: Xi, Zhucong, Liu, Abby, Chen, Xiaobo, Li, Meng, Zakharov, Dmitri N., Yang, Judith C., Goldman, Rachel S., Qi, Liang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24206
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author Xi, Zhucong
Liu, Abby
Chen, Xiaobo
Li, Meng
Zakharov, Dmitri N.
Yang, Judith C.
Goldman, Rachel S.
Qi, Liang
author_facet Xi, Zhucong
Liu, Abby
Chen, Xiaobo
Li, Meng
Zakharov, Dmitri N.
Yang, Judith C.
Goldman, Rachel S.
Qi, Liang
contents Solid-melt interfaces play a pivotal role in governing crystal growth and metal-mediated epitaxy of gallium nitride (GaN) and other semiconductor materials. Using atomistic simulations based on machine-learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs), we uncover that multiple layers of Ga atoms at the GaN-Ga melt interface form structurally ordered and electronically charged configurations that are critical for the growth kinetics of GaN. These ordered layers modulate the free energy landscape (FEL) for N adsorption and substantially reduce the migration barriers for N at the interface compared to a clean GaN surface. Leveraging these interfacial energetics, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations reveal that GaN growth follows a diffusion-controlled, layer-by-layer mechanism, with the FEL for N adsorption emerging as the rate-limiting factor. By incorporating facet-specific FELs and the diffusivity/solubility of N in Ga melt, we develop a predictive, fitting-free transport model that estimates facet-dependent growth rates in the range of ~0.01 to 0.04 nm/s, in agreement with experimental growth rates observed in GaN nanoparticles synthesized by Ga-mediated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This multiscale framework offers a generalizable and quantitative approach to link atomic-scale ordering and interfacial energetics to macroscopic phenomena, providing actionable insights for the rational design of metal-mediated epitaxial processes.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_24206
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The role of the solid-melt interface in accelerating the self-catalyzed growth kinetics of III-V semiconductors
Xi, Zhucong
Liu, Abby
Chen, Xiaobo
Li, Meng
Zakharov, Dmitri N.
Yang, Judith C.
Goldman, Rachel S.
Qi, Liang
Materials Science
Solid-melt interfaces play a pivotal role in governing crystal growth and metal-mediated epitaxy of gallium nitride (GaN) and other semiconductor materials. Using atomistic simulations based on machine-learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs), we uncover that multiple layers of Ga atoms at the GaN-Ga melt interface form structurally ordered and electronically charged configurations that are critical for the growth kinetics of GaN. These ordered layers modulate the free energy landscape (FEL) for N adsorption and substantially reduce the migration barriers for N at the interface compared to a clean GaN surface. Leveraging these interfacial energetics, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations reveal that GaN growth follows a diffusion-controlled, layer-by-layer mechanism, with the FEL for N adsorption emerging as the rate-limiting factor. By incorporating facet-specific FELs and the diffusivity/solubility of N in Ga melt, we develop a predictive, fitting-free transport model that estimates facet-dependent growth rates in the range of ~0.01 to 0.04 nm/s, in agreement with experimental growth rates observed in GaN nanoparticles synthesized by Ga-mediated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This multiscale framework offers a generalizable and quantitative approach to link atomic-scale ordering and interfacial energetics to macroscopic phenomena, providing actionable insights for the rational design of metal-mediated epitaxial processes.
title The role of the solid-melt interface in accelerating the self-catalyzed growth kinetics of III-V semiconductors
topic Materials Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24206