Large and Moderate Deviations for Entries of Orthogonal Matrices and the Stiefel Manifold

Fuente: arXiv
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Autor principal: Tuchel, Philipp
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Publicado: 2025
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author Tuchel, Philipp
author_facet Tuchel, Philipp
contents Let $A_N$ be distributed according to the Haar probability measure on the orthogonal group $\mathscr{O}(N)$ for each $N\in\mathbb{N}$. It is well-known that the upper left $m_N\times k_N$ block of $\sqrt{N}A_N$ with $m_Nk_N = o(N)$ converges in total variation distance to a matrix of same size consisting of i.i.d. standard normal entries as $N\to\infty$. In this work, we characterize this convergence on the scale of large deviations. More precisely, we show that under the same condition $m_Nk_N = o(N)$ the empirical measure of entries of this block satisfies a large deviation principle with speed $m_Nk_N$ and rate function given by the relative entropy with respect to the standard normal distribution. Further, we complement the large deviation principle (LDP) obtained by Kabluchko and Prochno in [Large deviations for random matrices in the orthogonal group and Stiefel manifold with applications to random projections of product distributions, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré. 60 (2024), 990 -- 1024] for the whole block $A_N$ with a moderate deviation principle (MDP). Concretely, we show an MDP for the sequence of matrices $β_N A_N$ in the product topology, where $β_N\to\infty$ is a sequence of real numbers such that $β_N = o(\sqrt{N})$. Here, in contrast to the LDP, the Gaussian behavior of the entries is reflected in the rate function.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_24538
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Large and Moderate Deviations for Entries of Orthogonal Matrices and the Stiefel Manifold
Tuchel, Philipp
Probability
Primary 60B20, 60F10, Secondary 15B52
Let $A_N$ be distributed according to the Haar probability measure on the orthogonal group $\mathscr{O}(N)$ for each $N\in\mathbb{N}$. It is well-known that the upper left $m_N\times k_N$ block of $\sqrt{N}A_N$ with $m_Nk_N = o(N)$ converges in total variation distance to a matrix of same size consisting of i.i.d. standard normal entries as $N\to\infty$. In this work, we characterize this convergence on the scale of large deviations. More precisely, we show that under the same condition $m_Nk_N = o(N)$ the empirical measure of entries of this block satisfies a large deviation principle with speed $m_Nk_N$ and rate function given by the relative entropy with respect to the standard normal distribution. Further, we complement the large deviation principle (LDP) obtained by Kabluchko and Prochno in [Large deviations for random matrices in the orthogonal group and Stiefel manifold with applications to random projections of product distributions, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré. 60 (2024), 990 -- 1024] for the whole block $A_N$ with a moderate deviation principle (MDP). Concretely, we show an MDP for the sequence of matrices $β_N A_N$ in the product topology, where $β_N\to\infty$ is a sequence of real numbers such that $β_N = o(\sqrt{N})$. Here, in contrast to the LDP, the Gaussian behavior of the entries is reflected in the rate function.
title Large and Moderate Deviations for Entries of Orthogonal Matrices and the Stiefel Manifold
topic Probability
Primary 60B20, 60F10, Secondary 15B52
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24538