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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24683 |
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| _version_ | 1866912615025868800 |
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| author | Arbustini, Johan Elzenheimer, Eric Spetzler, Elizaveta Mendoza, Pablo Fernández, Daniel Madrenas, Jordi McCord, Jeffrey Höft, Michael Rieger, Robert Bahr, Andreas |
| author_facet | Arbustini, Johan Elzenheimer, Eric Spetzler, Elizaveta Mendoza, Pablo Fernández, Daniel Madrenas, Jordi McCord, Jeffrey Höft, Michael Rieger, Robert Bahr, Andreas |
| contents | Optimizing sensor readout schemes and integrated circuit designs for both open-loop and closed-loop implementations requires precise modeling and simulation strategies. This study introduces a novel two-port impedance model to estimate the behavior of a converse Magnetoelectric (cME) sensor. This model provides a possible framework for calculating transfer functions and simulating magnetometer behavior in both continuous- and discrete-time simulation environments, and it is also possibly transferable to other magnetometer types. Common S-parameters were measured experimentally using an impedance analyzer and converted to Z-parameters to create a transfer function for system-level simulations. The model was validated through an analysis of output-related noise using MATLAB and LTSpice simulations to optimize the noise of the analog circuit parts of the system. The simulation results were compared with experimental measurements using a Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier and the custom-designed low-noise printed circuit board (PCB) under model considerations. The proposed methodology derives noise considerations and the transfer function of a magnetometer. These are essential for readout schemes for mixed-signal circuit design. This allows low-noise electronics to be designed and extended to other sensor interface electronics, broadening their applicability in high-performance magnetic sensing. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_24683 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Impedance Modeling of Magnetometers: A Path Toward Low-Noise Readout Circuits Arbustini, Johan Elzenheimer, Eric Spetzler, Elizaveta Mendoza, Pablo Fernández, Daniel Madrenas, Jordi McCord, Jeffrey Höft, Michael Rieger, Robert Bahr, Andreas Signal Processing Optimizing sensor readout schemes and integrated circuit designs for both open-loop and closed-loop implementations requires precise modeling and simulation strategies. This study introduces a novel two-port impedance model to estimate the behavior of a converse Magnetoelectric (cME) sensor. This model provides a possible framework for calculating transfer functions and simulating magnetometer behavior in both continuous- and discrete-time simulation environments, and it is also possibly transferable to other magnetometer types. Common S-parameters were measured experimentally using an impedance analyzer and converted to Z-parameters to create a transfer function for system-level simulations. The model was validated through an analysis of output-related noise using MATLAB and LTSpice simulations to optimize the noise of the analog circuit parts of the system. The simulation results were compared with experimental measurements using a Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier and the custom-designed low-noise printed circuit board (PCB) under model considerations. The proposed methodology derives noise considerations and the transfer function of a magnetometer. These are essential for readout schemes for mixed-signal circuit design. This allows low-noise electronics to be designed and extended to other sensor interface electronics, broadening their applicability in high-performance magnetic sensing. |
| title | Impedance Modeling of Magnetometers: A Path Toward Low-Noise Readout Circuits |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24683 |