From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866915814393774080 |
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| author | Carrillo, Andreia Deason, Alis J. Fattahi, Azadeh Grand, Robert J. J. Fragkoudi, Francesca |
| author_facet | Carrillo, Andreia Deason, Alis J. Fattahi, Azadeh Grand, Robert J. J. Fragkoudi, Francesca |
| contents | The powerful combination of Gaia with other Milky Way large survey data has ushered in a deeper understanding of the assembly history of our Galaxy, which is marked by the accretion of Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES). As a step towards reconstructing this significant merger, we examine the existence and destruction of its stellar metallicity gradient. We investigate 8 GES-like progenitors from the Auriga simulations and find that all have negative metallicity gradients at infall with a range of -0.09 to -0.03 dex/kpc against radius and -1.99 to -0.41 dex/$\rm 10^{-5} km^{2}s^{-2}$ against the stellar orbital energy. These gradients get blurred and become shallower when measured at $z=0$ in the Milky Way-like host. The percentage change in the radial metallicity gradient is consistently high (78-98\%), while the percentage change in the energy space varies much more (9-91\%). We also find that the most massive progenitors show the smallest changes in their energy metallicity gradients. At the same present-day galactocentric radius, lower metallicity stars originate from the outskirts of the GES progenitor. Similarly, at fixed metallicity, stars at higher galactocentric radii tend to originate from the GES outskirts. We find that the GES stellar mass, total mass, infall time, and the present-day Milky Way total mass are correlated with the percentage change in metallicity gradient, both in radius and in energy space. It is therefore vital to constrain these properties further to pin down the infall metallicity gradient of the GES progenitor and understand the onset of such ordered chemistry at cosmic noon. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_24705 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor Carrillo, Andreia Deason, Alis J. Fattahi, Azadeh Grand, Robert J. J. Fragkoudi, Francesca Astrophysics of Galaxies The powerful combination of Gaia with other Milky Way large survey data has ushered in a deeper understanding of the assembly history of our Galaxy, which is marked by the accretion of Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES). As a step towards reconstructing this significant merger, we examine the existence and destruction of its stellar metallicity gradient. We investigate 8 GES-like progenitors from the Auriga simulations and find that all have negative metallicity gradients at infall with a range of -0.09 to -0.03 dex/kpc against radius and -1.99 to -0.41 dex/$\rm 10^{-5} km^{2}s^{-2}$ against the stellar orbital energy. These gradients get blurred and become shallower when measured at $z=0$ in the Milky Way-like host. The percentage change in the radial metallicity gradient is consistently high (78-98\%), while the percentage change in the energy space varies much more (9-91\%). We also find that the most massive progenitors show the smallest changes in their energy metallicity gradients. At the same present-day galactocentric radius, lower metallicity stars originate from the outskirts of the GES progenitor. Similarly, at fixed metallicity, stars at higher galactocentric radii tend to originate from the GES outskirts. We find that the GES stellar mass, total mass, infall time, and the present-day Milky Way total mass are correlated with the percentage change in metallicity gradient, both in radius and in energy space. It is therefore vital to constrain these properties further to pin down the infall metallicity gradient of the GES progenitor and understand the onset of such ordered chemistry at cosmic noon. |
| title | From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24705 |