Multi-modal atmospheric characterization of $β$ Pictoris b: Adding high-resolution continuum spectra from GRAVITY
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Ravet, M. Bonnefoy, M. Chauvin, G. Lacour, S. Nowak, M. Charnay, B. Tremblin, P. Homeier, D. Morley, C. Fortney, J. Denis, A. Petrus, S. Palma-Bifani, P. Landman, R. Parker, L. T. Houllé, M. Chomez, A. Worthen, K. Kiefer, F. Marleau, G. -D. Zhang, Z. Birkby, J. L. Millour, F. Lagrange, A. -M. Vigan, A. Otten, G. P. P. L. Shangguan, J. |
| author_facet | Ravet, M. Bonnefoy, M. Chauvin, G. Lacour, S. Nowak, M. Charnay, B. Tremblin, P. Homeier, D. Morley, C. Fortney, J. Denis, A. Petrus, S. Palma-Bifani, P. Landman, R. Parker, L. T. Houllé, M. Chomez, A. Worthen, K. Kiefer, F. Marleau, G. -D. Zhang, Z. Birkby, J. L. Millour, F. Lagrange, A. -M. Vigan, A. Otten, G. P. P. L. Shangguan, J. |
| contents | We present the first VLTI/GRAVITY observations at R$_λ\sim 4000$ of $β$ Pic b. These four high S/N ($\sim$20) K-band spectra conserve both the pseudo-continuum and molecular absorption patterns. We analyze them with four self-consistent forward model grids (Exo-REM, ATMO, BT-Settl, Sonora) exploring $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, log(g), metallicity, C/O, and $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio. We also upgrade our forward modeling code ForMoSA to account for the data multi-modality and combine the GRAVITY epochs with published 1-5 $μ$m photometry, low- to medium-resolution spectra (0.9-7 $μ$m), and high-resolution echelle spectra (2.1-5.2 $μ$m). Sonora and Exo-REM are statistically preferred. Exo-REM yields $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $=1607.45^{+4.85}_{-6.20}$ K and log(g) $=4.46^{+0.02}_{-0.04}$ dex from GRAVITY alone, and $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $=1502.74^{+2.32}_{-2.14}$ K and log(g) $=4.00\pm0.01$ dex when including all datasets. Archival data significantly affect the retrieved parameters. C/O remains solar ($0.552^{+0.003}_{-0.002}$) while [M/H] reaches super-solar values (0.50$\pm$0.01). We report the first tentative constraint on log($^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO) $\sim$1.12, though this remains inconclusive due to telluric residuals. Additionally, we estimate the luminosity to be log(L/L$_\odot$) $=-4.01^{+0.04}_{-0.05}$, implying a heavy-element content of up to $\sim$5% (20-80 M$_\oplus$) given the system age and dynamical mass measurements. Access to both continuum and molecular lines at K-band significantly impacts the metallicity, possibly owing to collision-induced absorption shaping the continuum. Echelle spectra do not dominate the final fit with respect to lower resolution data. Future multi-modal frameworks should include weighting schemes reflecting bandwidth and central wavelength coverage. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2509_25338 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Multi-modal atmospheric characterization of $β$ Pictoris b: Adding high-resolution continuum spectra from GRAVITY Ravet, M. Bonnefoy, M. Chauvin, G. Lacour, S. Nowak, M. Charnay, B. Tremblin, P. Homeier, D. Morley, C. Fortney, J. Denis, A. Petrus, S. Palma-Bifani, P. Landman, R. Parker, L. T. Houllé, M. Chomez, A. Worthen, K. Kiefer, F. Marleau, G. -D. Zhang, Z. Birkby, J. L. Millour, F. Lagrange, A. -M. Vigan, A. Otten, G. P. P. L. Shangguan, J. Earth and Planetary Astrophysics We present the first VLTI/GRAVITY observations at R$_λ\sim 4000$ of $β$ Pic b. These four high S/N ($\sim$20) K-band spectra conserve both the pseudo-continuum and molecular absorption patterns. We analyze them with four self-consistent forward model grids (Exo-REM, ATMO, BT-Settl, Sonora) exploring $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, log(g), metallicity, C/O, and $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio. We also upgrade our forward modeling code ForMoSA to account for the data multi-modality and combine the GRAVITY epochs with published 1-5 $μ$m photometry, low- to medium-resolution spectra (0.9-7 $μ$m), and high-resolution echelle spectra (2.1-5.2 $μ$m). Sonora and Exo-REM are statistically preferred. Exo-REM yields $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $=1607.45^{+4.85}_{-6.20}$ K and log(g) $=4.46^{+0.02}_{-0.04}$ dex from GRAVITY alone, and $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $=1502.74^{+2.32}_{-2.14}$ K and log(g) $=4.00\pm0.01$ dex when including all datasets. Archival data significantly affect the retrieved parameters. C/O remains solar ($0.552^{+0.003}_{-0.002}$) while [M/H] reaches super-solar values (0.50$\pm$0.01). We report the first tentative constraint on log($^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO) $\sim$1.12, though this remains inconclusive due to telluric residuals. Additionally, we estimate the luminosity to be log(L/L$_\odot$) $=-4.01^{+0.04}_{-0.05}$, implying a heavy-element content of up to $\sim$5% (20-80 M$_\oplus$) given the system age and dynamical mass measurements. Access to both continuum and molecular lines at K-band significantly impacts the metallicity, possibly owing to collision-induced absorption shaping the continuum. Echelle spectra do not dominate the final fit with respect to lower resolution data. Future multi-modal frameworks should include weighting schemes reflecting bandwidth and central wavelength coverage. |
| title | Multi-modal atmospheric characterization of $β$ Pictoris b: Adding high-resolution continuum spectra from GRAVITY |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25338 |