On the Limits of Consensus under Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Neu, Joachim, Nieto, Javier, Ren, Ling
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Neu, Joachim
Nieto, Javier
Ren, Ling
author_facet Neu, Joachim
Nieto, Javier
Ren, Ling
contents Proof-of-stake blockchains require consensus protocols that support Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration (so-called DAR setting), where the former means that the consensus protocol should remain live even if a large number of nodes temporarily crash, and the latter means it should be possible to change the set of operating nodes over time. State-of-the-art protocols for the DAR setting, such as Ethereum, Cardano's Ouroboros, or Snow White, require unrealistic additional assumptions, such as social consensus, or that key evolution is performed even while nodes are not participating. In this paper, we identify the necessary and sufficient adversarial condition under which consensus can be achieved in the DAR setting without additional assumptions. We then introduce a new and realistic additional assumption: honest nodes dispose of their cryptographic keys the moment they express intent to exit from the set of operating nodes. To add reconfiguration to any dynamically available consensus protocol, we provide a bootstrapping gadget that is particularly simple and efficient in the common optimistic case of few reconfigurations and no double-spending attempts.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_03625
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On the Limits of Consensus under Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration
Neu, Joachim
Nieto, Javier
Ren, Ling
Cryptography and Security
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Proof-of-stake blockchains require consensus protocols that support Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration (so-called DAR setting), where the former means that the consensus protocol should remain live even if a large number of nodes temporarily crash, and the latter means it should be possible to change the set of operating nodes over time. State-of-the-art protocols for the DAR setting, such as Ethereum, Cardano's Ouroboros, or Snow White, require unrealistic additional assumptions, such as social consensus, or that key evolution is performed even while nodes are not participating. In this paper, we identify the necessary and sufficient adversarial condition under which consensus can be achieved in the DAR setting without additional assumptions. We then introduce a new and realistic additional assumption: honest nodes dispose of their cryptographic keys the moment they express intent to exit from the set of operating nodes. To add reconfiguration to any dynamically available consensus protocol, we provide a bootstrapping gadget that is particularly simple and efficient in the common optimistic case of few reconfigurations and no double-spending attempts.
title On the Limits of Consensus under Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration
topic Cryptography and Security
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03625