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Main Authors: Cen, Yunuo, Wang, Zixuan, Zhang, Jintao, Zhang, Zhiwei, Fong, Xuanyao
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04480
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author Cen, Yunuo
Wang, Zixuan
Zhang, Jintao
Zhang, Zhiwei
Fong, Xuanyao
author_facet Cen, Yunuo
Wang, Zixuan
Zhang, Jintao
Zhang, Zhiwei
Fong, Xuanyao
contents The Constraint-satisfaction problem (CSP) is fundamental in mathematics, physics, and theoretical computer science. Continuous local search (CLS) solvers, as recent advancements, can achieve highly competitive results on certain classes of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems. Motivated by these advances, we extend the CLS framework from Boolean SAT to general CSP with finite-domain variables and expressive constraint formulations. We present FourierCSP, a continuous optimization framework that generalizes the Walsh-Fourier transform to CSP, allowing for transforming versatile constraints to compact multilinear polynomials, thereby avoiding the need for auxiliary variables and memory-intensive encodings. We employ projected subgradient and mirror descent algorithms with provable convergence guarantees, and further combine them to accelerate gradient-based optimization. Empirical results on benchmark suites demonstrate that FourierCSP is scalable and competitive, significantly broadening the class of problems that can be efficiently solved by differentiable CLS techniques and paving the way toward end-to-end neurosymbolic integration.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_04480
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle FourierCSP: Differentiable Constraint Satisfaction Problem Solving by Walsh-Fourier Expansion
Cen, Yunuo
Wang, Zixuan
Zhang, Jintao
Zhang, Zhiwei
Fong, Xuanyao
Artificial Intelligence
The Constraint-satisfaction problem (CSP) is fundamental in mathematics, physics, and theoretical computer science. Continuous local search (CLS) solvers, as recent advancements, can achieve highly competitive results on certain classes of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems. Motivated by these advances, we extend the CLS framework from Boolean SAT to general CSP with finite-domain variables and expressive constraint formulations. We present FourierCSP, a continuous optimization framework that generalizes the Walsh-Fourier transform to CSP, allowing for transforming versatile constraints to compact multilinear polynomials, thereby avoiding the need for auxiliary variables and memory-intensive encodings. We employ projected subgradient and mirror descent algorithms with provable convergence guarantees, and further combine them to accelerate gradient-based optimization. Empirical results on benchmark suites demonstrate that FourierCSP is scalable and competitive, significantly broadening the class of problems that can be efficiently solved by differentiable CLS techniques and paving the way toward end-to-end neurosymbolic integration.
title FourierCSP: Differentiable Constraint Satisfaction Problem Solving by Walsh-Fourier Expansion
topic Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04480