Central Massive Black Holes Are Not Ubiquitous in Local Low-Mass Galaxies
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Zou, Fan Gallo, Elena Seth, Anil C. Hodges-Kluck, Edmund Ohlson, David Treu, Tommaso Baldassare, Vivienne F. Brandt, W. N. Greene, Jenny E. Madau, Piero Nguyen, Dieu D. Plotkin, Richard M. Reines, Amy E. Sesana, Alberto Woo, Jong-Hak Wu, Jianfeng |
| author_facet | Zou, Fan Gallo, Elena Seth, Anil C. Hodges-Kluck, Edmund Ohlson, David Treu, Tommaso Baldassare, Vivienne F. Brandt, W. N. Greene, Jenny E. Madau, Piero Nguyen, Dieu D. Plotkin, Richard M. Reines, Amy E. Sesana, Alberto Woo, Jong-Hak Wu, Jianfeng |
| contents | The black-hole occupation fraction ($f_\mathrm{occ}$) defines the fraction of galaxies that harbor central massive black holes (MBHs), irrespective of their accretion activity level. While it is widely accepted that $f_\mathrm{occ}$ is nearly 100% in local massive galaxies with stellar masses $M_\star \gtrsim 10^{10}~M_\odot$, it is not yet clear whether MBHs are ubiquitous in less-massive galaxies. In this work, we present new constraints on $f_\mathrm{occ}$ based on over 20 years of Chandra imaging data for 1606 galaxies within 50 Mpc. We employ a Bayesian model to simultaneously constrain $f_\mathrm{occ}$ and the specific accretion-rate distribution function, $p(λ)$, where the specific accretion rate is defined as $λ=L_\mathrm{X}/M_\star$, and $L_\mathrm{X}$ is the MBH accretion luminosity in the 2-10 keV range. Notably, we find that $p(λ)$ peaks around $10^{28}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}~M_\odot^{-1}$; above this value, $p(λ)$ decreases with increasing $λ$, following a power-law that smoothly connects with the probability distribution of bona-fide active galactic nuclei. We also find that the occupation fraction decreases dramatically with decreasing $M_\star$: in high mass galaxies ($M_\star \approx 10^{11-12}M_\odot$), the occupation fraction is $>93\%$ (a $2σ$ lower limit), and then declines to $66_{-7}^{+8}\%$ ($1σ$ errors) between $M_\star\approx10^{9-10}M_\odot$, and to $33_{-9}^{+13}\%$ in the dwarf galaxy regime between $M_\star\approx10^{8-9}~M_\odot$. Our results have significant implications for the normalization of the MBH mass function over the mass range most relevant for tidal disruption events, extreme mass ratio inspirals, and MBH merger rates that upcoming facilities are poised to explore. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_05252 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Central Massive Black Holes Are Not Ubiquitous in Local Low-Mass Galaxies Zou, Fan Gallo, Elena Seth, Anil C. Hodges-Kluck, Edmund Ohlson, David Treu, Tommaso Baldassare, Vivienne F. Brandt, W. N. Greene, Jenny E. Madau, Piero Nguyen, Dieu D. Plotkin, Richard M. Reines, Amy E. Sesana, Alberto Woo, Jong-Hak Wu, Jianfeng Astrophysics of Galaxies The black-hole occupation fraction ($f_\mathrm{occ}$) defines the fraction of galaxies that harbor central massive black holes (MBHs), irrespective of their accretion activity level. While it is widely accepted that $f_\mathrm{occ}$ is nearly 100% in local massive galaxies with stellar masses $M_\star \gtrsim 10^{10}~M_\odot$, it is not yet clear whether MBHs are ubiquitous in less-massive galaxies. In this work, we present new constraints on $f_\mathrm{occ}$ based on over 20 years of Chandra imaging data for 1606 galaxies within 50 Mpc. We employ a Bayesian model to simultaneously constrain $f_\mathrm{occ}$ and the specific accretion-rate distribution function, $p(λ)$, where the specific accretion rate is defined as $λ=L_\mathrm{X}/M_\star$, and $L_\mathrm{X}$ is the MBH accretion luminosity in the 2-10 keV range. Notably, we find that $p(λ)$ peaks around $10^{28}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}~M_\odot^{-1}$; above this value, $p(λ)$ decreases with increasing $λ$, following a power-law that smoothly connects with the probability distribution of bona-fide active galactic nuclei. We also find that the occupation fraction decreases dramatically with decreasing $M_\star$: in high mass galaxies ($M_\star \approx 10^{11-12}M_\odot$), the occupation fraction is $>93\%$ (a $2σ$ lower limit), and then declines to $66_{-7}^{+8}\%$ ($1σ$ errors) between $M_\star\approx10^{9-10}M_\odot$, and to $33_{-9}^{+13}\%$ in the dwarf galaxy regime between $M_\star\approx10^{8-9}~M_\odot$. Our results have significant implications for the normalization of the MBH mass function over the mass range most relevant for tidal disruption events, extreme mass ratio inspirals, and MBH merger rates that upcoming facilities are poised to explore. |
| title | Central Massive Black Holes Are Not Ubiquitous in Local Low-Mass Galaxies |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05252 |