When vacuum breaks: a self-consistency test for astrophysical environments in extreme mass ratio inspirals

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Hauptverfasser: Copparoni, Lorenzo, Chandramouli, Rohit S., Barausse, Enrico
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Copparoni, Lorenzo
Chandramouli, Rohit S.
Barausse, Enrico
author_facet Copparoni, Lorenzo
Chandramouli, Rohit S.
Barausse, Enrico
contents Gravitational-wave signals are typically interpreted under the vacuum hypothesis, i.e. assuming negligible influence from the astrophysical environment. This assumption is expected to break down for low-frequency sources such as extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), which are prime targets for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and are expected to form, at least in part, in dense environments such as Active Galactic Nuclei or dark-matter spikes/cores. Modeling environmental effects parametrically is challenging due to the large uncertainties in their underlying physics. We propose a non-parametric test for environmental effects in EMRIs, based on assessing the self-consistency of vacuum parameter posteriors inferred from different portions of the signal. Our results demonstrate that this approach can reveal the presence of astrophysical environments, or even deviations from General Relativity, without introducing additional parameters or assumptions about the underlying physics.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_06948
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle When vacuum breaks: a self-consistency test for astrophysical environments in extreme mass ratio inspirals
Copparoni, Lorenzo
Chandramouli, Rohit S.
Barausse, Enrico
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Gravitational-wave signals are typically interpreted under the vacuum hypothesis, i.e. assuming negligible influence from the astrophysical environment. This assumption is expected to break down for low-frequency sources such as extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), which are prime targets for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and are expected to form, at least in part, in dense environments such as Active Galactic Nuclei or dark-matter spikes/cores. Modeling environmental effects parametrically is challenging due to the large uncertainties in their underlying physics. We propose a non-parametric test for environmental effects in EMRIs, based on assessing the self-consistency of vacuum parameter posteriors inferred from different portions of the signal. Our results demonstrate that this approach can reveal the presence of astrophysical environments, or even deviations from General Relativity, without introducing additional parameters or assumptions about the underlying physics.
title When vacuum breaks: a self-consistency test for astrophysical environments in extreme mass ratio inspirals
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06948